Download Rise of Ancient Rome

THE RISE OF ROME
I.
EG
RISE OF ROME & THE ROMANS
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
WELL BEFORE GLORY OF GREECE BEGAN TO FADE
2.
ANOTHER CIVILIZATION HAD STARTED ITS GROWTH ON BANKS OF
TIBER RIVER
3.
RISE OF ROME FROM AN INSIGNIFICANT VILLAGE
a.
C. 8TH C. B.C.
b.ON TOP OF 1 OF 7 HILLS OF AREA
4.
TO MASTERY OF ANCIENT WORLD
a.
BY END OF 1ST CENTURY B.C.
5.
IS PERHAPS 1 OF MOST REMARKABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN HISTORY
6.
GLORY OF GREECE REPLACED BY GRANDEUR OF ROME
7.
ROME EVENTUALLY CONQUERED & RULED
a.
ITALIAN PENINSULA
b.
MOST HELLENISTIC WORLD
(1)
NORTH AFRICA
(2)
MOST OF NEAR EAST
c.
AS WELL AS WESTERN EUROPE (1)
AREAS WE NOW CALL
(2)
SPAIN
(3)
ENGLAND, YUGOSLAVIA, FRANCE & LOW COUNTRIES
8.
ROME NOW KNOWN AS ROMAN EMPIRE
9.
PROCESS SLOW COMPARED W/EMPIRES OF PERSIA & MACEDONIA
10.
BUT FAR MORE ENDURING
a.
LASTED 5-6 CENTURIES
b.
LARGELY DUE TO ROME'S ORGANIZATIONALLY ABILITY
c.
EMPIRE ADMINISTERED FROM ROME & CALLED ROMAN
d.
ROME'S RELIGION, LANGUAGE & CULTURE & ORGANIZATION
SPREAD THROUGHOUT
(1)
ENGLISH IS 50% LATIN BASED
(2)
CHRISTIANITY
(3)
CATHOLIC CHURCH'S ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
BASED ON ROME'S POLITICAL STRUCTURE
11.
BUT MEANT ROME AT WAR NEARLY CONTINUALLY
12.
NOT NECESSARILY MILITARILY BRILLIANT BUT TENACIOUS
a.
THEY LOST MANY BATTLES BUT NEVER WAR
13.
ROMANS ADOPTED & TRANSFORMED INTELLECTUAL & CULTURAL
ACHIEVEMENTS OF GREEKS
a.
GREAT TRANSMITTERS OF GREEK CULTURE
b.
MYTHICAL STORY OF THEIR BEGINNINGS BY VERGIL AENEAS
COPIED FROM HOMER'S ILIAD
14.
ROME BECAME BUILDER OF GREAT HISTORICAL BRIDGE BETWEEN EAST
& WEST
15.
THEY PRODUCED GRAECO-ROMAN TRADITION IN
a.
LITERATURE
b.
PHILOSOPHY
c.
ART
d.
LAW
16.
THAT SERVED AS CORE OF LEARNING FOR MIDDLE AGES
2
& INSPIRATION FOR NEW PATHS TAKEN IN RENAISSANCE
OUR FOUNDING FATHERS GREAT STUDENTS OF ROMAN HISTORY
MANY THINGS IN AMERICA COPIED FROM ROME
a.
SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM MODELED ON ROME'S
b.
OUR MERCURY DIME
20.
ROMAN HISTORY DIVIDED INTO 3 MAJOR PARTS
a.
ROMAN MONARCHY 753-509 B.C.
(1)
CITY-STATE LIKE GREECE
(2)
UNDER ETRUSCANS
b.
ROMAN REPUBLIC 509-27 B.C.
c.
ROMAN EMPIRE 27 B.C.- 410 A.D.
d.
IN LATER CENTURIES OF EMPIRE DECLINE OF ROME SET IN
(1)
HISTORIANS DISAGREE WHY, BUT LONG PROCESS
(a)
2-5 CENTURIES
21.
ROMAN HISTORY COVERS OVER 1000 YEARS OF HISTORY
INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHY
1.
YOU ARE ALL FAMILIAR W/ BOOT SHAPE OF ITALY
2.
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTER ITALIAN PENINSULA VERY INFLUENTIAL
TO ROMAN HX
3.
MORE FERTILE LAND THAN GREECE SO PRODUCED GRAIN
4.
AS LACKED GOOD HARBORS TRADE NOT NB IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT
5.
SO INTELLECTUAL STIMULUS TRADING ENCOURAGES AS IN GREECE
LACKING
6.
ROME AT NORTHERN LIMIT OF FERTILE AGRICULTURE DISTRICT
a.
KNOWN AS LATIUM
(1)
INHABITANTS - LATINS
(2)
GAVE THEIR NAME TO LATIN LANGUAGE
ETRUSCAN INFLUENCE
1.
NORTH OF ROME LAY DISTRICT OF ETRURIA
a.
MODERN TUSCANY
2.
HIGHLY CIVILIZED INHABITANTS
3.
SHAPED CULTURE OF EARLIEST ROMANS
4.
ETRUSCANS HAD BORROWED GREATLY EX GREEKS
5.
ART, CITY-STATE POLITICAL STRUCTURE, ALPHABET & ARCH AND
VAULT
6.
ALL GREEK INSPIRED
7.
WHICH ETRUSCANS PASSED ON TO ROME
a.
INCLUDING
b.
TOGA, GLADIATORIAL COMBATS, SAFETY PIN
8.
SHOWING ROME'S COMMON TRAIT OF COPYING & ASSIMILATING OTHER
CULTURAL IDEAS
9.
ETRUSCANS KINGS EARLY RULERS OF ROME
10.
WHOSE TALENT & AGGRESSIVE LEADERSHIP MADE ROMANS NB POWER
AMONG PEOPLE OF LATINUM
17.
18.
19.
B.
C.
II.
ROMAN REPUBLIC 509-27 B.C.
A.
ROME'S EXPANSION INTO ITALIAN PENINSULA
1.
FROM BEGINNING OF ITS REPUBLIC ERA
2.
ROME SET SIGHTS ON EXPANSION INTO REST OF ITALIAN PENINSULA
3.
AT TIMES ON DEFENSIVE
4.
OTHER TIMES ON OFFENSIVE
3
FOR CENTURIES ALMOST CONSTANT WARFARE
ROME'S STEADY POPULATION INCREASE OVER YEARS EFFECTED
ROME'S EXPANSION POLICIES
7.
AS MORE LAND NEEDED
8.
WOULD CONQUER MORE TERRITORY
9.
ALSO FREQUENT REVOLTS OF ALREADY CONQUERED PEOPLE MADE
ROME CONTINUE HER AGGRESSION
10.
BY 290 B.C. ROME HAD CONQUERED ALL OF ITALY EXCEPT PART
KNOWN AS MAGNA GRAECIA
a.
AREA COLONIZED BY GREECE EARLIER
11.
WITHIN SHORT TIME
12.
ENTIRE ITALIAN PENINSULA ROME'S
a.
INCLUDING GREEKS IN SOUTHERN EUROPE
4 BASIC REASONS WHY ROME SUCCESSFUL
1.
ROME FELT IT HAD UNIQUE VIRTUES
a.
REPUBLICAN VALUES THEY CALLED THEM
b.
MORE STRENGTH OF CHARACTER THAN OTHERS
c.
ROMANS HAD INBRED SENSE OF MORAL RIGHTNESS OF THEIR
CAUSE
d.
PIETY TO FAMILY & GODS
e.
SELF-DISCIPLINE
f.
WORKED HARD
2.
CAVEAT
a.
THOSE VIRTUES, ETC. THAT ROME ATTRIBUTED AS REASON FOR
ITS SUCCESS IN CONQUERING
b.
WILL BE HELD UP AS APPLICABLE WHEN THEY NO LONGER APPLY
IN DAYS OF EMPIRE
c.
ROME FELT THEY EXHIBITING CERTAIN POSITIVE TRAITS WHILE
ALL ALONG OPPOSITE
3.
THEY SUBORDINATED THEMSELVES TO LARGER SCENE
a.
ROMANS GREAT BECAUSE ROME GREATER
b.
GREEKS WERE INDIVIDUALS 1ST & FOREMOST
c.
FROM CHILDHOOD ROMANS LEARNED TO ADMIRE AND IMITATE
HEROES LIKE HORATIO & MUCIUS SCAEVOLA (LEFT-HANDED)
d.
HORATIO HELD OFF ENEMY SINGLE-HANDED AT BRIDGE
e.
WHEN MUCIUS FAILED TO KILL AN ENEMY RULER
f.
PLUNGED HIS RIGHT ARM INTO BURNING COALS
g.
TO SHOW HOW LITTLE HIS OWN LIFE WORTH COMPARED TO
SAFETY OF ROME
4.
ROMANS USUALLY GENEROUS W/PEOPLE CONQUERED
a.
IF PEOPLE PROVED LOYAL, CITIZENSHIP WAS GRANTED
b.
CF W/GREEK CITY-STATES SUCH AS ATHENS NOT OCCURRED
c.
SP COHESIVENESS DEVELOPED AMONG ROME & HER EXPANDING
MEMBERS
5.
SUCCESS OF ARMY
ROMAN ARMY
1.
ORIGINALLY CITIZEN ARMY
a.
SAME AS GREECE
b.
ALL MALE CITIZENS 16-60 OBLIGATED TO SERVE
2.
ONLY IN LATE REPUBLIC PERIOD
a.
BECAME PROFESSIONAL ARMY
5.
6.
B.
1ST
2ND
3RD
4TH
C.
D.
E.
F.
4
b.
UNDER GENERAL & CONSUL MARIUS 102 B.C.
c.
WHEN CAREER MEN SERVED 20-25 YRS STINTS
3.
FOR GREEKS WAR PROPER & GLORIOUS AVOCATION OF ALL CITIZENS
4.
ROMAN ARMY WAR TO KEEP (PEACE) PAX
5.
SO MAJORITY OF CITIZENS COULD BE SECURE & LIVE LIFE NORMALLY
6.
BUT COMPULSION FREQUENTLY REQUIRED TO MAKE UP FOR
VOLUNTEERS IN ARMY
7.
GUYS WOULD CUT OFF THEIR THUMBS TO AVOID DRAFT
8.
EVENTUALLY MADE IT A CAPITAL PUNISHMENT TO DO SO
9.
ONLY PEOPLE IN ARMY NOT PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS
a.
GENERALS
(1)
UPPER-CLASS CITIZENS
(2)
OFTEN FROM OLD & WEALTHY PATRICIAN FAMILIES
(3)
CONSIDERED LEADERSHIP OF ARMY EITHER THEIR DUTY
TO STATE
(4)
OR MEANS OF GETTING AHEAD POLITICALLY
10.
MANY ROMAN GENERALS, INCLUDING CAESAR
11.
ABLE TO TAKE POWER BECAUSE HAD TROOPS TO MARCH INTO ROME
12.
& SOLDIERS' LOYALTY 1ST TO THEIR GENERAL, NOT STATE
13.
ROMAN ARMY LIKE MODERN ARMIES TODAY
a.
COULD BE NB POLITICAL FORCE AT HOME AS WELL AS A TOOL OF
FOREIGN POLICY
ORGANIZATION OF ARMY
1.
28 LEGIONS
a.
EACH LEGION
(1)
3600-6000 INFANTRYMEN
b.
PLUS OFFICERS & AUXILIARIES
2.
LEGIONS EXISTED OVER LONG PERIODS OF TIME
a.
DEVELOPED OWN TRADITIONS, HX, SYMBOLS
b.
LIKE OUR DIVISIONS TODAY
3.
ARMY HIGHLY ORGANIZED & DISCIPLINED
a.
ROMAN GENIUS FOR ORGANIZATION SHOWED BEST IN ARMY
4.
NEW SOLDIERS HAD TO BE AT LEAST 5' 10" TALL
a.
LOWERED IN LATER EMPIRE
5.
BASICALLY FRONTIER TROOPS NOT EXPECTED TO DEFEAT ENEMY
6.
BUT MERELY DELAY & HARASS IT
7.
BECAUSE ROVING CRACK TROOPS IN INTERIOR WOULD GO WHERE
NECESSARY
FIGHTING TACTICS OF ROMAN ARMY
1.
THIN LINES OF SOLDIERS W/CONSTANT ROTATION TO FRONT LINE
2.
CALLED TORTOISE FORMATION
3.
SO FOUGHT GREAT AS KNEW WOULD BE RELIEVED SHORTLY
4.
NO FIGHTING TO DEATH OR LARGE DEEP PHALANX LIKE GREEKS
IMPORTANCE OF ROMAN ARMY
1.
DURING REPUBLIC ERA WAR MORE THAN PAID FOR ITSELF
2.
AS RICHEST AREAS OF MEDITERRANEAN CONQUERED
3.
ARMY MUCH MORE THAN FORCE CONQUERING TERRITORY
4.
SINCE ARMY PENSIONED OFF AT END OF THEIR 20-25 YRS,
a.
OFTEN SETTLED IN PROVINCES WHERE HAD BEEN STATIONED
(1)
MARRIED LOCAL WOMEN
(2)
HELPED SPREAD ROMAN CULTURE TO FAR PARTS OF EMPIRE
G.
H.
I.
5
ROMAN ROADS
1.
ROMANS BUILT ELABORATE SYSTEM OF ROADS
2.
EVENTUALLY 53,000 MILES OF ROADS
3.
EASIER TO MOVE LEGIONS QUICKLY OVER EMPIRE,
4.
MANY STILL EXIST TODAY
a.
OFTEN UNDERNEATH MODERN ASPHALT
b.
FOLLOWING SAME ROUTE 2000 YRS EARLIER
c.
CAN TELL IF FOLLOWING FORMER ROMAN ROAD BY ITS
STRAIGHTNESS
d.
VIA APPIA
(1)
1ST TO BE CONSTRUCTED
5.
ROADS LINKED ENTIRE EMPIRE
a.
FROM NORTHERN ENGLAND TO JERUSALEM & BEYOND
(1)
MADE TRIP IN 6 WEEKS
6.
ROMAN ROADS NEVER WOULD HAVE BEEN BUILT UNLESS NEEDED FOR
TROOP MOVEMENTS
7.
BUILD ROADS STRONG AS FIRST AT WILL LAST INDEFINITELY
W/MINIMAL MAINTENANCE
STRUCTURE OF ROMAN GOVERNMENT
1.
ETRUSCAN MONARCHY OVERTHROWN C 509 B.C.
2.
& REPLACED BY REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVT.
3.
2 CONSULS REPLACED KING
4.
WHILE CONSULS ELECTED ANNUALLY BY SENATE
5.
CONSULS RULED LIKE KINGS
a.
RETAINED VISIBLE SYMBOLS OF ROYALTY
(1)
PURPLE ROBE
(2)
IVORY CHAIR
b.
COMMANDED ARMY
c.
SUPERVISED ADMINISTRATION OF STATE
d.
EACH CONSUL HAD VETO POWER OVER OTHER'S ACTS
(1)
OCCASIONALLY RESULTED STALEMATE
e.
TO PREVENT THIS, EMERGENCY FULL POWER GRANTED TO A
DICTATOR FOR 6 MONTHS
(1)
CF W/MODERN MARTIAL LAW
6.
SENATE
a.
INITIALLY 300 HEADS OF PATRICIAN FAMILIES OR CLANS
b.
REAL POWER OF ROMAN REPUBLIC
c.
FOR THEY ADVISED CONSULS
d.
APPOINTED FOR LIFE
e.
SUPERVISED MILITARY
f.
SUPERVISED FINANCES & ADMINISTRATION OF AREAS ROME
CONQUERED
7.
ROME DIVIDED INTO 2 MAJOR GROUPS
a.
PATRICIANS & PLEBEIANS
PATRICIANS
1.
WEALTHY LANDOWNERS
2.
SENATORS & OTHER OFFICIALS
3.
GENTLEMEN FARMERS - PROPERTIED ARISTOCRACY
4.
LESS THAN 10% OF POPULATION
5.
RAN LAW COURTS BASED ON UNWRITTEN LAWS
6.
PATRICIANS DEFENDED THEIR PREROGATIVES W/GREAT ZEAL AGAINST
6
J.
K.
L.
EG
M.
ENCROACHMENTS OF LOWER CLASSES
a.
THE PLEBEIANS OR PLEBS
PLEBEIANS
1.
REST OF SOCIETY EXCLUDING SLAVES & WOMEN
2.
URBAN DWELLERS, ARTISANS, MERCHANTS, AGRICULTURAL
LABORERS, SOLDIERS IN ARMY & SMALL LANDOWNERS
3.
INTERMARRIAGE BETWEEN PLEBEIANS & PATRICIAN STRICTLY
PROHIBITED
4.
PLEBEIANS ALMOST ENTIRELY W/O POLITICAL RIGHTS
5.
SLOWLY, STEP BY STEP PLEBEIANS IMPROVED THEIR CONDITION
6.
& CAME TO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN GOVT.
7.
PLEBEIANS ESTABLISHED THEIR OWN ASSEMBLIES
a.
TRIBUNE ASSEMBLY
b.
LATER ON PLEBEIAN CENTURIATE ASSEMBLY
8.
EACH HAD ITS OWN SPECIFIC POWER & FUNCTION
EVENTUALLY WHAT HAPPENED
1.
AS SOME OF PLEBEIANS OBTAINED WEALTH & POWER
2.
OLD LINES BETWEEN PLEBEIAN & PATRICIANS RELAXED
3.
MARRIAGE NOW ALLOWED
4.
& IT APPEARED ROME A DEMOCRACY
5.
BUT DEMOCRACY MORE APPARENT THAN REAL
6.
FOR IN ACTUALITY WHAT OCCURRED WAS A PLUTOCRACY
a.
RULE BY WEALTHY
7.
& WEALTH PREREQUISITE FOR POWER & ADVANCEMENT
WAY SOCIETY REALLY WORKED
1.
IN ADDITION TO TIES OF FAMILY & CLASS
2.
ALL ROMANS EXCEPT SLAVES BOUND TO ANOTHER RELATIONSHIP
3.
HAS NO MODERN COUNTERPART
4.
CALLED CLIENTAGE
5.
PRACTICE FROM EARLY REPUBLIC DAYS
6.
PATRICIANS ASSUMED OBLIGATION FOR WELL-BEING OF PLEBEIANS
a.
RICH PATRON OFFERED HIS CLIENT BENEFITS
(1)
PROTECTION IN LAWSUITS
(2)
CONTRIBUTION TO DAUGHTER'S DOWRY
7.
IN RETURN PATRICIAN GOT
a.
POLITICAL SUPPORT
b.
OPEN SHOW OF LOYALTY & RESPECT WHENEVER 2 MET
8.
BY TIME OF EMPIRE SYSTEM INSTITUTIONALIZED
9.
MAJOR INFLUENCE IN LIVES ROMANS
10.
PROTECTION THEN BROADENED INTO MORE PRACTICAL THINGS
a.
FOOD BUT MORE OFTEN MONEY
b.
FOR MAN OUT OF WORK, DAILY DOLE FROM HIS PATRON
(1)
MIGHT BE ONLY SOURCE OF INCOME
11.
GENERALS BECAME PATRONS OF PEOPLE THEY CONQUERED
12.
PRIVATE FORM OF WELFARE & SOCIAL SECURITY
13.
BUT WOMEN EXCLUDED
ROMAN CITIZENSHIP
1.
CIVIS ROMANUS SUM - I AM A ROMAN CITIZEN
2.
ORIGINALLY VERY LIMITED & NB RIGHT
a.
CITIZENS - ONLY FREE MEN BORN W/IN CITY & SUBURBIA
3.
THEN CITIZENSHIP GIVEN TO ROME'S ITALIAN ALLIES 2ND C B.C.
7
4.
N.
III.
BY 3RD C. A.D. EXTENDED TO ALL FREE ADULT MALES WITHIN
BORDERS OF EMPIRE
MEANT RIGHT TO VOTE IN ASSEMBLY AT ROME
MOST NB RIGHT - TO BE TRIED IN ROME
5.
6.
TOGA
1.
DISTINCTIVE GARMENT FOR ALL CITIZENS
2.
MORE THAN PIECE OF CLOTHING = SYMBOL OF CITIZENSHIP
3.
WORN OVER SHORT-SLEEVED TUNIC
a.
NON-CITIZENSHIP GARB
4.
FASHIONS IN TOGAS CHANGED
a.
CLOTH WIDER, NARROWER, LONGER, SHORTER
b.
HOW PLEATS WERE ARRANGED CHANGE
(1)
W/SAFETY PIN HOLDING TOGA TOGETHER
c.
NO ROMAN WANTED TO BE SEEN IN AN OUTMODED STYLE
d.
POSSIBLE NOW TO DATE PORTRAIT SCULPTURE OR PAINTING BY
STYLE OF TOGA
ROME'S EXPANSION BEYOND ITALY
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
ONCE ITALY UNDER ROMAN RULE
2.
ROME BEGAN CHALLENGING POWERS IN MED AREA
3.
BUT FOLLOWED NO ACTUAL BLUEPRINT FOR CONQUEST
4.
AS CIRCUMSTANCES OCCURRED, THEN ROME WOULD DECIDE IF OTHER
POWERS NEEDED TO BE CONQUERED
B.
PUNIC WARS 1.
SERIES OF 3 WARS W/NORTH AFRICAN STATE CARTHAGE
a.
OVER 100 YEARS OF WAR
b.
NOT CONSECUTIVE YEARS
c.
264-241, 218-201, 149-146 B.C.
2.
CALLED PUNIC WARS
a.
PUNICUS LATIN FOR PHOENICIANS
3.
WARS FOR CONTROL OF MEDITERRANEAN SEA
4.
BY 3RD C. B.C. CARTHAGE MAJOR POWER IN MEDITERRANEAN
5.
CARTHAGE'S POPULATION TRIPLE THAT OF ROMES
6.
IN 1ST WAR
a.
ROME & CARTHAGE FIGHTING OVER POSSESSION OF SICILY
7.
ROME WANTED IT FOR PROTECTING ITS FLANK
8.
ROME FORCED TO BUILD FLEET TO COMBAT CARTHAGE
a.
COPIED PHOENICIAN BOAT FOUND ON SHORE
9.
BOTH CARTHAGE & ROME LOST NUMEROUS BATTLES, SCORES OF SHIPS,
WARRIORS & SEAMEN BY THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OVER 23 YR
WAR
10.
BUT EVENTUALLY ROME WON
11.
2ND WAR CAUSED BY CARTHAGE'S DESIRE FOR REVENGE
a.
& ROME'S CONCERN OVER CARTHAGE'S EXPANSION IN SPAIN
b.
DURING 2ND PUNIC WAR ARMIES OF HANNIBAL SWEPT BACK &
FORTH ACROSS ITALY
12.
HANNIBAL 247-183? B.C.
a.
50,000 MEN, 37 ELEPHANTS
b.
WINNING VICTORY AFTER VICTORY
c.
ESP BATTLE OF CANNAE 216 B.C.
8
CALLED DOUBLE ENVELOPMENT - A CLASSIC TACTIC CAUSE
BATTLE TO BE STUDIED IN MILITARY CLASSROOMS FOR 1000 YRS
THEREAFTER
13.
BATTLE OF CANNAE GREATEST MILITARY DISASTER ROME HAD EVER
SUFFERED
a.
50,000 SLAIN
14.
ROME EVENTUALLY WON WAR WINNING LAST BATTLE ZAMA
15.
UNDER ROMAN GENERAL SCIPIO AFRICANUS 202 B.C.
16.
MEANS WESTERN MED WOULD BE ROMAN NOT PHOENICIAN
17.
3RD WAR CAUSED BY ROME'S JEALOUSY OF CARTHAGE'S RAPID
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
18.
BY THEN CARTHAGE NO MATCH FOR ROME
19.
ROME ASSAULTED CITY OF CARTHAGE
20.
FIGHTING STREET BY STREET
21.
UNTIL CITY REDUCED FROM 500,000 TO 55,000
22.
ROME BURNED CITY TO GROUND, SOWED SALT INTO SOIL
a.
SO NOTHING EVER GROW AGAIN
b.
SOLD SURVIVORS INTO SLAVERY
23.
PART OF REASON WHY ROME SO EAGER TO DECIMATE CARTHAGE
24.
CARTHIGIANS MADE RELIGIOUS SACRIFICES TO TANIT
a.
RATIO 3:1 VS 10:1 CHILDREN/ANIMALS
b.
20,000 CHILDREN SACRIFICED 800-146 B.C.
25.
1 OF MOST BRUTAL CONQUESTS IN HX
26.
ROME NOW MAJOR POWER IN WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN NORTH AFRICA & SPAIN NOW ROMAN
CONQUEST OF GREECE & ASIA MINOR
1.
ROME DRAWN ALMOST INADVERTENTLY INTO RIVALRIES AMONG
HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS OF EASTERN MED.
2.
HELLENISTIC STATES FREQUENTLY SOUGHT ROMAN AID AGAINST
ENEMIES
3.
ROME DID SO TO MAINTAIN BALANCE OF POWER
4.
& KEEP 1 FROM BECOMING TOO STRONG
5.
EVENTUALLY ROME TIRED OF TASK AS REFEREE
6.
& REMAINED TO RULE
7.
DURING 2ND CENTURY B.C. ALMOST ALL HELLENISTIC WORLD FELL TO
ROME
8.
CONQUEST OF GAUL & ENGLAND WILL BE DISCUSSED LATER
d.
C.