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The Roman Republic World History/Napp “Italy is a long, narrow, boot-shaped peninsula extending into the Mediterranean Sea. Rome was a city-state located on a fertile plain in the middle of Italy near the west coast. To the north, the Alps Mountains protected Rome and the rest of Italy from most invaders. The sea provided further protection against invaders, while serving as a route for Roman trade and expansion. The early Roman city-state contained two main social classes: patricians or wealthy landowning families and plebeians or small farmers, craftsmen, and merchants. In early times, the Romans made Rome into a republic. In a republic, citizens vote to elect representatives, or people who will speak and govern for them. The Roman Republic lasted from 509 B.C. to 27 B.C. – almost 500 years. The Romans had two consuls. The consuls managed the government for a one-year term. Each consul could veto, or say to no, a decision by the other consul. Serving only one year and being vetoed kept the consuls from becoming too powerful. The Roman senate, made up of 300 patricians, helped the consuls’ rule. It had the power to pass laws. In times of war, it could choose a dictator for six months. The Roman Republic was not a democracy because it allowed only patricians to vote. Most Romans were plebeians or ‘common people.’ As citizens, the plebeians paid taxes and served in the army. But they had little power. They could not marry out of their class. Also, the patricians could sell plebeians into slavery if they did not pay their debts. However, the plebeians had one important power. They were citizen-soldiers. The patricians needed them to defend Rome against its enemies. In 494 B.C., the Roman Republic gave the plebeians the right to elect two tribunes or representatives of the plebeian class. The tribunes could veto any law that they did not like. Finally, the Roman senate eventually wrote down the laws of Rome. The Twelve Tables were Rome’s written laws. These laws included such important legal concepts as equality under the law and innocence until proven guilty. ~ World History A major contribution of the Roman Republic to Western European culture was the (A) concept of government by laws (B) belief that political power should be controlled by the military (C)establishment of agricultural communes (D) rejection of the concept of slavery To veto is to (A) pass a law (B) say no to a decision (C) imprison a person (D) extend citizenship The Code of Hammurabi of Babylon is most similar to the (1) ziggurats of Sumer (2) map projections of Mercator (3) Great Sphinx of the Egyptians (4) Twelve Tables of the Romans One contribution of ancient Roman culture was the development of (1) the concept of zero (2) the process of making silk (3) a republican form of government (4) the printing press Patricians, Plebeians and Twelve Tables - Patricians were wealthy landowners who held most of the power in Rome - Plebeians were the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population Government Army - Rome had two officials called consuls - The Romans placed - For hundreds of great value on the years after the military founding of the republic, Rome - All citizens who sought to expand its owned land were territories through required to serve in trade and conquest the army - By 265 B.C., the - Roman soldiers Romans were were organized into masters of nearly all large military units Italy called legions - Rome’s location - The Roman legion gave it easy access to was made up of some the riches of the 5,000 heavily armed lands around the foot soldiers Mediterranean Sea (infantry) - However, other - A group of soldiers large and powerful on horseback cities interfered with (cavalry) supported Roman access to the each legion Mediterranean - Consuls commanded the army and directed the government - But a consul’s term was only one year long and one consul could always - Patricians inherited overrule, or veto, the their power and other’s decisions claimed that their ancestry gave them - The senate had the authority to both legislative and make laws for Rome administrative functions in the - The plebeians were republic citizens of Rome with the right to vote - Its 300 senators but could not hold were chosen from the most important the upper class of government Roman society positions - Later, plebeians - In time, Rome’s were allowed in the leaders allowed Senate the plebeians to form their own assembly - In times of crisis, and elect the republic could representatives appoint a dictator – called tribunes a leader who had absolute power to - The written laws of make laws and Rome were called command the army the Twelve Tables and established - A dictator’s power the idea that all free lasted for only six citizens had a right months to the protection of the law - Legions were divided into smaller groups of 80 men, each of which was called a century - The military organization and fighting skill of the Roman army were key factors in Rome’s rise to greatness Expansion - One such city was Carthage, once a colony of Phoenicia - Carthage was located in North African - Rome and Carthage fought three wars known as the Punic Wars - When Rome finally defeated Carthage, it set the city afire and its 50,000 inhabitants were sold into slavery Identify and explain the following terms: Patricians Plebeians Tribunes Twelve Tables Consuls Legions Cavalry Punic Wars - What limits were there on the power of the Roman consuls? - What was the significance of the Twelve Tables? - Do you think the Roman Republic owed its success more to its form of government or its army? Why? - Do you agree with claims that early Rome had achieved a “balanced” government? - How and why did geography turn Rome and Carthage into rivals? - Why did the Carthaginian general, Hannibal, enter Roman territory by crossing the Alps? Mountains are difficult to cross. What was his motivation for such a daring move? The benefit of written laws is that A) A ruler in a bad mood cannot simply change the punishment to satisfy his anger B) consistency is the hobgoblin of small minds – there is no benefit C) Create punishments that are never harsh D) None of the above Rome and Carthage battled over the Mediterranean Sea because A) the best beaches in the world are located on the Mediterranean coast B) by controlling the sea, the victor controlled a very profitable trade route C) none of the above – the sea is not as important as the land