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Transcript
NAME _______________________________ DNA, RNA, and PROTEINS Chapter 12 REPLICATION- (DNA → DNA) Process by which a cell copies its DNA → TRANSCRIPTION- (DNA RNA) Process in which a sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary RNA sequence → TRANSLATION (RNA PROTEIN) Process of decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide (protein) chain TRANSFORMATION- Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by absorbing DNA from another strain of bacteria BACTERIOPHAGE – A virus that infects bacteria CHROMATIN – DNA and proteins that is found SPREAD OUT in the nucleus of NON-DIVIDING cells CHROMOSOMES- DNA and proteins tightly coiled around histones that is found CONDENSED into bundles in DIVIDING cells HISTONE – protein molecule around which DNA is wrapped to form a nucleosome in chromatin NUCLEOSOME – Beadlike structure formed by coiling DNA around histone proteins that pack together to form chromosomes NUCLEOTIDE – subunit (monomer) consisting of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base used to build nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA DNA POLYMERASE – enzyme involved in DNA replication which joins nucleotide subunits together to make a DNA molecule RNA POLYMERASE – enzyme involved in RNA transcription that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule RIBOSOMAL RNA (r-RNA) – type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes MESSENGER RNA (m-RNA) – type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for making proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell TRANSFER RNA (t-RNA) – type of RNA that transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis CODON – three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid ANTICODON – group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon OPERON – a group of genes operating together INTRON – sequence of DNA that is NOT involved in coding for a protein which is cut out of the m-RNA molecule before it is read by the ribosomes EXON – Expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein REPRESSOR – molecule that binds to the operator region of an operon and “turns the gene off” OPERATOR – region in an operon to which the repressor protein binds when the operon is “turned off” PROMOTER – region in an operon to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription HOX GENES – series of genes that control differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo DIFFERENTIATION- the process by which cells change to become specialized in structure and function CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION- This type of mutation involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Such mutation may change the location of genes on chromosomes, and may even change the number of copies of some genes. FRAMESHIFT MUTATION-This type of mutation may change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation. They can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal function. POINT MUTATION- A gene mutation results from changes in a single gene. POLYPLOIDY- the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes. Plants are often larger and stronger than diploid plants. ENHANCER REGION- In eukaryotes, this is upstream from promoters; it binds many different regulatory proteins TATA BOX- In eukaryotes, this helps position RNA polymerase DNA- double stranded nucleic acid; deoxyribose sugar; contains nitrogen bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine RNA- single stranded nucleic acid; ribose sugar; contains nitrogen bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil PURINES- Nitrogen bases with 2 rings; Adenine & Guanine PYRIMIDINES- Nitrogen bases with 1 ring; Cytosine & Thymine CHARGAFF’S RULE- Adenine always codes to Thymine; Guanine always codes to Cytosine REPLICATION FORK- Sites where DNA strand separation occur