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Transcript
Heart Rate You can measure it by taking your pulse (1 pulse= 1 heartbeat) Measure YOUR resting heart rate by counting pulse for 15 sec Multiply this by 4 to calc beats/minute Run in place for 30 seconds!! Do it! Sit down and determine your bpm again and compare Why does it increase??? Athletes Weightlifter 65bpm Football player 55bpm Swimmer 40bpm Marathon Runner 40bpm Why so low? ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Where do organisms get energy? Stored in food we eat in unit of calories calorie= amount of energy needed to raise temp of 1g water by 1°C Calorie= 1000 calories 1 g protein=4Cal 1 g fat= 9 Cal What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing highenergy Phosphate bonds Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY! How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the highenergy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP ADP ATP This low energy ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) needs a 3rd phosphate to make ATP Phosphorylation Requires energy http://biologyin motion.com/atp /index.html When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy 1 1) Glucose will be broken down repeatedly, forming CO2 Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy NAD 2 3 2) Hydrogen gets transferred to oxygen via NAD (hydrogen holder) forming H2O 3) Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy 4 4) Breaking apart this one glucose can give 36 ATP *40% of energy released is used to make ATP, 60% escapes as heat What happens when you workout?…. – Breaking down sugars you ate – Breathing more (O2) – Exhaling more (CO2) – Sweating more (H2O) – Get hot! C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy What Carries the Electrons? NAD+ and FAD+ are coenzymes NADH and FADH2 serves as carriers for H+ ions and electrons Mitochondria Structure Folds increase S.A. for reaxns What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? Glycolysis (cytoplasm) The Krebs Cycle (mitochondria matrix) The Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane) Diagram of the Process Glycolysis: Sugar splitting GLUCOSE 2 ATP invested C-C-C-C-C-C 4 ATP 2 NADH 2 PYRUVATE C-C-C + C-C-C NET GAIN of 2 ATP Glycolysis Summary Anaerobic (doesn’t use oxygen) Happens in cytoplasm of cell Glucose splits into two pyruvate molecules Produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP 2 ATP (net 2ATP) Occurs very quickly Krebs Cycle 2 Pyruvate C-C-C + C-C-C 2 CO2 2 NADH 2Acetyl CoA C-C + C-C C + C + C + C KREBS CYCLE 4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 Krebs Cycle Summary Aerobic Respiration (requires O2) Occurs in mitochondria matrix (necessary enzymes there) Pyruvate (3C) Acetyl CoA (2C) CO2 Glucose gets completely broken down Krebs Cycle ATP Electron Transport Chain Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane (cristae) NADH and FADH2 pass e- down chain of coenzymes in membrane (like hot potato) ETC continued As e- travel, energy is released that pushes H+ across membrane H+ build up, and cross back through ATP synthase pump H+ unite with O2 as it comes out pump to form H2O (THIS IS WHY WE BREATHE!! 32 ATP 32 ATP produced Electron Transport Chain The Totals Together glycolysis, Krebs and ETC produce 36 ATP per glucose molecule 36% of glucose energy is used to make ATP, 64% gets released as heat Is this efficient? Anaerobic Respiration 2 ATP Glycolysis If O2 present Krebs ETC (aerobic) If O2 is NOT present FERMENTATION – Lactic acid (muscles, cause fatigue) – Alcoholic (breads, yeast, beer) CO2 is produced Anaerobic Respiration GLUCOSE 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 PYRUVATE Lactic Acid (muscles) FERMENTATION If O2 available ------------------------Aerobic Resp in mitochondria Alcohol (yeasts) Lactic Acid O2 conditions like in heavy exercise (animals) Muscle cells swap to anaerobic resp until O2 becomes available (reversible) Lactic acid builds up, cause muscle fatigue Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvates convert into ethanol and CO2 Occurs in yeasts Yeast produce CO2 bubbles Beer alcohol and CO2 bubbles you see