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Transcript
Science Unit 1- Constructive and Destructive Processes Notes Vocabulary See last page Notes Chapter 2 Lesson 3 (pgs 90-91) Earth’s Structure Earth has 4 layers- the ____________________, the mantle, the inner core, and the ______________ core The ________________ is thin and is made of solid rock The _________________ is mostly rock, but some mantle rock is soft The ______________________ core is liquid iron The ____________________ core is iron and nickel and is solid because of intense pressure Earth’s crust and upper most mantle are divided into _________________ Plates are blocks of ______________ and upper mantle rock that fit together like puzzle pieces Plates “float” on the softer rock of the mantle. Plates move as rock flows. The movement of one plate affects others because they fit together tightly Constructive processes help to ___________ Earth’s surface. Examples include: o Deposition o _________________________ o Volcanoes o faults Destructive processes break down the Earth’s surface. Examples include: o __________________ o Weathering o Earthquakes o Volcanoes o Impact of organisms (plants) Additional Notes: Chapter 2 Lesson 1 (pgs 64-67) Mountains, Hills, and Plains a ____________________ is a natural land shape or feature there are 5 main landforms- mountains, _________________, canyons, _____________________, and plateaus a mountain is a landform that is much _________________ than the surrounding land a plain is a large, _____________________ landform canyons are deep valleys with __________________ sides valleys are areas of _________________ land between mountains plateaus are elevated, ____________________ pieces of land A sand dune is another landform- it is a sand hill that has been created by _________________ Additional Notes: Chapter 2 Lesson 3 (pgs. 94-97) Volcanoes Magma is molten (melted) rock beneath Earth’s surface. It forms in areas where plates ____________________ against each other or pull away from each other. Lava is molten rock (magma) that has reached Earth’s surface A volcano is a _____________________ made of lava, ash, or other materials from eruptions A volcano is formed as more and more lava flows from the vent, or ___________________, in the Earth’s crust Lava may ooze slowly or it may explode How Mountains Form Mountains are the _____________________ landforms on Earth They form when the ____________________ is crumpled and pushed upward by the movements of the plates Many mountains form where _________________________ come together o The edge of the denser plate is forced into the __________________, while the less dense plate is pushed up o If the plates are the _______________ density, both plates are pushed up Earthquakes An __________________________ is movement of the ground caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust The place within the Earth that released the energy is called the __________________________. The area directly above the focus is the __________________________ (where the most damage occurs) Earthquakes are caused by 3 types of plate movement o Plates pushing together o Plates sliding past each other o Plates pulling apart Most earthquakes occur along a fault or _______________ in the Earth’s crust o Scientist classify earthquakes by estimating their ________________________ (amount of energy released o The __________________________ measures earthquake magnitude o Earthquakes can be _______________________- create mountains and lakes o Earthquakes can be _______________________- damaging roads, bridges, and buildings Additional Notes: Chapter 2 Lesson 2 (pgs. 78-83) Changes Caused by Wind ____________________ is the process of wearing away rocks by natural means Blowing wind can cause sand to hit rock and over time the sand will wear away the rock by breaking it into smaller pieces Changes Caused by Moving Water Water can change Earth’s surface by carrying soil and small pieces of rock away from landforms ______________________ is the process of moving sediment by wind, water, or ice A rapidly moving river erodes its banks (making it wider) and its bottom (making it deeper) The moving water carries sediment downstream When the water slows, the sediment is deposited which can cause the river the become more narrow and shallow Erosion and Deposition Moving wind and water has _______________________ Fast wind or water can erode a lot of sediment Slow wind or water erodes only a small amount of sediment Examples of water erosion are: o _____________________- carrying away sediments as it runs down a hill (creates gullies or ditches in the ground over time) o Ocean waves- constant wave action can change sloping shorelines into cliffs o Ocean waves also bring more sand onto the beach (deposition) ____________________________ is the process where sediments drops out of the water and settles to the bottom A _____________________ is formed where sediment has been deposited at the mouth of a river Flooding can also deposit sediment near a river o River sends water over its banks o After rains water returns to river leaving sediment on the land o These areas are called flood plains (rich in nutrients and good for farming) Sinkholes and Landslides Water can also erode rock underground causing caves to form A sinkhole forms when the roof of a cave near Earth’s surface collapses Gravity can also cause landforms to change o _____________________________ (when gravity forces soil, rocks, and mud to move quickly down a slope) Plants Plants can also cause weathering and erosion Plants growing on rocks send roots into tiny cracks or holes into the rock. As the plants grow the roots become larger and break the rock into smaller pieces Plants also protect landforms o Prevent erosion by holding soil and sand into place preventing wind and water erosion Additional Notes: Chapter 2 Lesson 4 Seismological Studies A _________________________ is a scientist who studies earthquakes A __________________________ measures movements in the Earth’s crust. The data is used to help seismologists locate the earthquake’s epicenter and to help identify or predict areas most likely to shake when rocks shift at faults Flood Control Flooding can be _________________________ o Plants along the banks of rivers and lakes are adapted to grow in flooding conditions o The erosion from flooding can carve out shallow areas for animals to drink and aquatic life to hide Flooding can be ________________________ for people o Damage houses, towns, and crops o Two methods for controlling floods o Dams hold back water that otherwise would rush downstream forming a ________________________________ o A ______________________ is a wall of earth or concrete built along the banks of a waterway that keeps rising waters within it’s banks Beach Reclamation o Waves and currents cause beach erosion o In beach _________________________, sand is dredged, or scooped out, of a channel and dumped onto a beach o People also build __________________________, a wall-like structure that sticks out into the ocean, to prevent the sand from being eroded away Additional Notes: Define the following vocabulary words. Landforms ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Volcanoes ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Decomposition ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Deposition ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Sand dunes ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Erosion ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Weathering ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Fault ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Earthquake ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Delta ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Lava ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Magma ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ring of fire _______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ seismograph ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Richter scale ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Plate tectonics ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Eruption ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Folds ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ crust ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ flooding ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ mudslide ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ rock falls ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ constructive ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ destructive ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Inner core ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Outer core __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Mantle __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Mountain __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Valley __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Plain __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Plateau __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Canyon __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________