Download Unit 3 Biochemistry

Biology
EOCT/Final Exam Review Packet
Introduction and Methods of Science
1. What is the relationship between a hypothesis and a theory?
2. What is the goal of science?
3. Give an example of qualitative and quantitative data.
4. Describe the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent
variable. Make sure you include where each go on a graph.
5. What is a hypothesis? What form is a hypothesis written in?
6. Trace the steps in the scientific method.
7. List and give examples of the 7 characteristics of living things.
8. Describe homeostasis.
9. In a controlled experiment how many variables are tested and why?
Unit 1 Biochemistry
1. The pH range for acids is ____________, for bases is ____________, and neutral
pH is _____.
2. Organic compounds contain the element ___________.
3. Complete the chart below for the groups of macromolecules.
Carbohydrates
Building
block
Picture
Example
Names of
examples
Functions
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Fatty acids and
glycerol
Glucose;
insulin, starch,
polysaccharides
;
Long-term energy;
water-proofing;
membrane bi-layer
4. Why is shape important to enzymes?
5. What do enzymes do for reactions?
6. Are enzymes used up at the end of a reaction?
7. What are 3 things that can affect (positively or negatively) the activity of
enzymes?
8. Draw a graph where the activation energy of a reaction was lowered by using an
enzyme as compared to a reaction without the catalyst.
Unit 2 Cells
B
1.
A
a. What is the function of the protein labeled A?
b. Draw an arrow pointing to the area of the phospholipid bi-layer where you
are least likely to find water (hydrophobic, nonpolar section).
c. If the molecules labeled B are glucose moving from high concentration to
low concentration, what process is occurring?
d. What is osmosis?
e. What are two differences between active and passive transport?
f. Name 3 types of passive transport.
g. Give 3 examples of active transport.
h. What would happen if you place a cell in a hypotonic solution?
2. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes (list at least 3 similarities and 3
differences).
3. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells (list at least 3 similarities and 3
differences).
4. Complete the chart for cell parts and functions.
Picture
Cell part name
Cilia
Function
Flagella
Converts sugar to energy
Ribosomes
Chloroplast
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Packages proteins and lipids
for export from the cell
Unit 3 Cell Division
1. In reference to why cells are small, explain what happens to the surface area
to volume ratio as cells get larger. Why is this important?
2. Draw a picture of two chromatids attached at the centromere. Label the
centromere and sister chromatids.
3. Complete the chart for mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
Type of cells produced
Meiosis
Chromosome number
(n or 2n)
How do they compare to
original parent cell?
4. When is DNA replicated for mitosis and meiosis?
5. What is the function of the spindle fibers?
6. If a body (somatic) cell of an organism has 28 chromosomes, how many will
be present in its gametes?
7. What is crossing over? Why is it important in sexual reproduction?
8. What is the difference in the way chromosomes organize in metaphase of
mitosis and metaphase I of meiosis?
9. The stages of mitosis are shown out of order below. Label them with the
correct name and put a number next to each to show the correct order,
beginning with prophase.
___________
__________
__________
__________
10. What is cancer? Draw a graph that would show normal cell growth as
compared to cancerous cell growth.
Unit 4 Genetics
1. What is heterozygous? Give an example.
2. What is a hybrid?
3. What is co-dominance? Give an example.
4. What blood type is IBIB or IBi?
5. Eye color is sex linked in fruit flies, R = red eyes and r = white eyes, cross
XRXr with XrY (Show your punnett square). What percent of males will
have white eyes?
6. Cross IAi with IBi (Show your punnett square). What are the possible
blood types of their offspring?
7. If a hemophiliac male mates with a homozygous dominant normal female
(who has no alleles for hemophilia), what percent of their daughters could
have hemophilia? Sons? (make sure you identify their sex)
8. If an individual has Down Syndrome, they have trisomy of which
chromosome? What is the cause of Down Syndrome?
9. Black hair color in rats is determined by a simple dominant allele (B =
black), while white hair color is determined by a recessive allele (b =
white). Cross a heterozygous black male with a white female rat (Show
your punnett square). What are the phenotypes of the offspring? What are
the genotypes of the offspring?
10. Flower color in snapdragons is determined by incomplete dominance. If a
homozygous red flower crosses with a homozygous ivory flower, what are
the genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring? What are the genotypic
and phenotypic percentages?
Unit 5 Molecular Biology
1. Draw the structure of DNA and label the following: phosphate, sugar,
base, nucleotide, double helix.
2. What do genes code for?
3. What is DNA composed of?
4. DNA replication results into two new DNA molecules, each with what 2
types of strands?
5. What does tRNA do? rRNA? mRNA?
6. Where are each type of RNA made and “used” in the cell?
7. In DNA replication A pairs with ________, T pairs with __________, G
pairs with ________, and C pairs with ________.
8. In transcription (DNA is used to make ____________). A pairs with
_________, T pairs with _________, G pairs with __________, C pairs
with __________.
9. What amino acid sequence does AUG-AAC-GGA code for?
10. What type of mutation happens when one base is deleted?
11. What is recombinant DNA?
12. What does gel electrophoresis do to DNA?
13. What happens in transcription?
14. What happens in translation?
15. What is a codon? Where is a codon found? What is an anti-codon?
Where is an anti-codon found?
16. Why does DNA move towards the positive end of a gel during
electrophoresis?
Unit 6 Evolution
1. Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution using giraffes with short and long necks as
an example. Make sure you include the following terms: adaptation/adapted,
fitness, environment, and offspring.
2. What is the endosymbiotic theory?
3. How do fossils demonstrate evidence of evolution?
4. Contrast the following: analogous structures, vestigial structures, and homologous
structures.
5. What is genetic equilibrium? 5 conditions of what principle must be met for
genetic equilibrium to occur?
6. What is a gene pool?
7. List and describe 3 types of gene flow.
8. Compare and contrast the founder effect and the bottleneck effect.
9. What is geographic isolation?
10. Identify the 3 types of natural selection indicated by each graph; make sure you
include written descriptions of each.
Unit 7 Classification and Viruses
1. List and describe the three domains living organisms are classified into.
Kingdom
2. Complete the following table:
Archeabacteria
Characteristics
Example
Organisms
Plantae
Cell walls
of chitin
E.coli
Ameoba
3. List the 7 taxons from broadest to the most specific.
4. What is binomial nomenclature?
5. Protists use several modes of movement; some of these include structures
such as cilia, flagella, and pseudopods. Describe each of these structures
and how protists use them to move and get food.
6. Draw and label a virus. Include the protein coat and nucleic acids.
7. List the 3 types of symmetry, define them, and give at least one example
organism for each.
8. Draw and label a fungus. Include the fruiting body, mycelium and
hyphae.
9. What type of tissue is xylem and phloem? What is the function of xylem?
What is the function of phloem?
Human
10. Angiosperms and gymnosperms are both seed bearing plants, how do they
differ from one another? Give an example for each in your explanation.
11. Draw a flower and label its parts.
12. What is a tropism?
13. Complete the picture by drawing a flower that exhibits phototropism.
14. Which letter indicates the stage at which…
A.
B.
C.
D.
a bacteriophage injects DNA into a host cell? ______
a host cell begins producing new bacteriophage? _____
the bacteriophage DNA becomes part of the host cell’s DNA? ___
In which cycle is the host cell destroyed? ____________
Unit 8 Ecology
1. Explain the process of global warming, be sure to include how it different from the
Greenhouse Effect.
2. Give examples of the types of limiting factors.
3. Define carrying capacity.
4. What are types of decomposers and the role they play in the environment?
5. Identify the trophic levels in an energy pyramid.
6. Explain how much energy is available at each succeeding level in an energy pyramid.
(The 10% rule)
7. Describe the relationship between plants and nitrogen fixing bacteria.
8. What is nitrogen fixation and why is nitrogen fixation an important process?
9. Compare and contrast a niche and a habitat.
10. What might happen if there was an overlap between the niches of two animals?
11. List the levels of organization in Ecology beginning with the individual and ending
with the biosphere. Make sure you define each level and explain how each lower level is
related to the level above it.
12. Define symbiosis.
13. Describe the three types of symbiosis and give at least one example for each.
Type of Symbiosis
Description
Example
14. Draw a diagram of the water cycle; make sure your labels include: condensation,
run-off, precipitation, evaporation, and transpiration.
15. Draw a diagram of the carbon cycle. Make sure you use arrows and labels in
your diagram.
16. Draw a diagram of the nitrogen cycle. Make sure you use arrow and labels in
your diagram.