Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cryobiology wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Magnesium in biology wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
AP Biology Semester 2 Final Concepts Review Sheet GENERAL CONCEPTS Hardy-Weinberg Evolution Plants Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Plant Responses to Environment Animal Evolution and Diversity AP Biology PT 4/23/06 Determining allelic and genotype frequencies, conditions of Hardy Weinberg Comparing the predicted genotype frequencies (from the Hardy-Weinberg equations) to the actual genotype frequencies Chi-Squared Analysis Lamarkism vs. Darwinism Natural Selection Punctuated Equilibrium vs. Gradualism Bottleneck Effect, Genetic Drift, Founder Effect Geographic Isolation Mutations Fitness, Directional selection, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection Gene Flow Heterozygote Advantage Evidence for evolution (biogeography, developmental biology, comparative anatomy, the fossil record, or artificial selection) Sympatric speciation & allopatric speciation -> also including how species form and what makes two different species unable to reproduce with each other Polyploidy Evolution – major distinguishing characteristics and examples of bryophytes, pterophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms Adaptations to life on land – availability of resources, structural support, water conservation, and water transport Reproductive adaptations – alternation of generations, flagellated sperm vs. seed, flower parts and function (male vs. female), significance of double fertilization and endosperm Early plant development – advantages of fruit, dormancy, seed structure and growth Structure/Function adaptations for roots, stems, leaves; leaf anatomy Function of dermal, ground, and vascular tissue; xylem, phloem components Monocots vs. dicots – differences in embryo structure, leaves, vascular tissue, roots Meristems – apical (root, shoot; primary) and lateral (vascular cambium; secondary) Water transport in xylem – role of root hairs and mycorrhizae in absorption, Casparian strip, evaporation – tension – cohesion model; conflict between transpiration and photosynthesis controlled via guard cells Sap transport in phloem – pressure-flow hypothesis, role of active transport and osmosis in loading at source and unloading at sink Redox reactions – LEO, GER; where do electrons originate, what pulls them away Light- Dependent Reactions – location, purpose; role of chlorophyll, water and photosystems; how is ATP/NADPH produced; reason for noncyclic vs. cyclic electron flow Calvin Cycle – location, purpose, dependence on light reactions, significance of rubisco C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM plants – role of PEP carboxylase, spatial vs. temporal separation of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle, how evolutionary adaptations limit photorespiration? Connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration Glycolysis – location, purpose, reactants/products; ATP and NADH yield Fermentation – location, purpose, alcoholic vs. lactic acid, regeneration of NAD + Pyruvate Oxidation/Citric Acid Cycle – location, purpose, net yield of ATP, NADH, FADH2 ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation – location, purpose; significance of ETC, H+ ions, chemiosmotic gradient, and ATP synthase in ATP production; final electron acceptor? Tropisms – to light (where is auxin?); to gravity (how does plant grow?); to touch Hormones – major effects of auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene Phytochrome regulation of seed germination; red vs. far-red light; phytochrome switch Photoperiodism and control of flowering; short-day vs. long-day palnts Diversity vocabulary – know examples and how to recognize organisms based on characteristics (organism chart) asymmetrical vs. radial vs. bilateral; protostome vs. deuterostome Body Systems AP Biology PT 4/23/06 Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm (what arises from each layer?) Homeostasis; negative feedback; structure/function relationships, temperature regulation Circulation – evolution (2-4 chambered hearts); blood flow through and anatomy of mammalian heart; cardiac cycle, SA/AV nodes & the heartbeat; blood vessels; blood composition; atherosclerosis, regulation Respiration – gills vs. tracheae vs. lungs, mammalian anatomy, pressure differences during breathing and gas partial pressure gradients, O2 and CO2 transport in blood, regulation, marine mammal diving reflex Immunity – nonspecific defenses; humoral vs. cell-mediated responses; role of B cells, TH cells, cytotoxic (TC) cells; antibody- antigen recognition and specificity; autoimmunity; HIV/AIDS Digestion – mammalian anatomy, role of each organ/gland; mechanical, chemical, enzymatic digestion; structure/function of SI; glucose regulation via insulin/glucagons, hormonal control Excretion – advantages/disadvantages of different forms of nitrogenous waste; mammalian excretory anatomy; secretion, reabsorption of ions and compounds; composition of filtrate in different parts of the nephron; control via ADH, aldosterone Nervous – structure/function of neuron; resting, threshold, action potential; role of Na +/K+ ions and Na+/K+ pump; synapse, when and how neurotransmitters are released; central vs. peripheral Reproduction – advantages of asexual vs. sexual, internal vs. external; mammalian anatomy; gametogenesis; function and regulation of reproductive hormones in males and females; reason for and effects of fluctuation of estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH in menstrual cycle Development – fertilization, cleavage, germ layers in gastrulation, fetus, neurulation, HCG