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Proposal for funding for the preparation of A National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Country Name: The Gambia Project Title: Enabling activities to facilitate the preparation of a National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) for The Gambia GEF Implementing Agency: UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME GEF operational focal point: Momodou Cham, Executive Director, National Environment Agency Climate change focal point: Bubu Jallow, Director, Department of Water Resources National lead agency: Office of the Secretary of State for Fisheries, Natural Resources and the Environment Country eligibility: (i) LDC country (ii) Date of UNFCCC ratification: 10th June 1994 GEF financing: US$ 198,100 Government contribution: In kind Estimated total budget: US$ 198,100 Estimated starting date: August 2003 Duration: 18 months Gambia: Key Socio-Economic Indicators Population (millions) Population growth rate (%) Land area (km2) GNP per capita GDP (million US$) GDP growth rate (%) Access to water (%) Access to sanitation Forest cover (%) 1.33 4.1 11,000 340 422 5.6 62 37 48.1 Source: World Bank, 2002; World Bank, 2003 1 Background 1. The Gambia is the smallest country on the African continent and virtually an enclave of Senegal. The country has a land area of 11,000km2, and a population of 1.33 million, estimated to be growing at 4.1% annually. With a population density of 130 per square kilometre, The Gambia is among the five most densely populated countries in Africa. More than 62% of the population lives in the rural areas. The Gambia has about 500,000 hectares of forests and woodlands, which constitutes about 48% of the total land area. The average annual rate of deforestation is estimated to be 1%. Economy 2. Agriculture is the mainstay of The Gambian economy, employing about 75% of the labour force. The GDP per capita is $1,100. The GDP growth rate in the 1999-2000 period was an impressive 5.6%. Industry, agriculture and services account for 12%, 21% and 67% of GDP, respectively. However, the growth rate in the agricultural sector at 2.7% has been lagging behind the service sector, which is 4.3%. 3. Any adverse effects of climate change on the agricultural sector would significantly affect the economy of The Gambia. The proposed NAPA will investigate adaptation measures to this end. One adaptation measure for the economy would be to broaden the economic base of the country, by improving the industrial sector’s contribution to GDP, which is currently meagre (only 12%). Agriculture 4. As mentioned earlier, agriculture is a major activity in The Gambia. Groundnuts are the country's main export crop. The main food crops are rice and coarse grains (millet, sorghum and maize), which are both vulnerable to climate change. Switching to less vulnerable crops/cultivars is a desirable adaptation measure. 5. Average rainfall has declined by 30% in the last half century. The country is directly vulnerable to climate change effects that may occur such as temperature rises and decrease in precipitation, sea level rises, degradation of soil fertility, inundation of arable land, salinity and drought which could affect crop yields. Since women are involved in most agricultural activities, they are likely to be more vulnerable to climate change impacts on agriculture. Livestock is also vulnerable to climate change, with large numbers dying during droughts due to shortage of feed/forage. Poverty 6. The Gambia is one of the poorest countries in the world with a GNP per capita of US$ 340. It was ranked 149 out of 161 in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Index, 2001. About 64% of the total population live below the national poverty line, whereas 59.3% of the population live below US$ 1 per day, and 82.9% live below US$ 2 per day. Poverty, environment and natural resources are very closely related. The poor depend on natural resources for their immediate needs of sustenance to satisfy daily requirements, thus environmental degradation is a major threat to poor people. 7. Of those who are extremely poor, 91% work in agriculture. According to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), groundnut farmers in The Gambia are the poorest of the poor. The paper also states that high fertility rates have resulted in high levels of poverty. Average earnings of men are consistently higher than those of women, regardless of poverty status or occupation. One of the reasons for this is that women do not have access to land in rural areas thus intensifying their vulnerability. 2 8. The poor are more vulnerable to climate change since they do not have sufficient incomes to prepare and protect themselves from the adverse effects of climate change. Poor women are more vulnerable, since they have lower incomes and depend on income from relatives or small income generating activities. In floods, the poor are usually displaced due to the temporary nature of their homes. They are also more susceptible to water borne diseases, since they rely on traditional wells, which could get contaminated during floods. During droughts, crop failure affects the food security of the poor. 9. The PRSP ranks food security (agriculture) as the highest in priority in reducing poverty. The PRSP also identifies education, research and agricultural policy as vital elements in alleviating poverty and minimising vulnerability. This PRSP will be very instrumental in the preparation of the NAPA. Health and Water 10. Life expectancy in The Gambia is about 53 years overall, 52 years for men and 55 for women. Infant mortality was 73 per 1000 babies born in 2000, down from 159 per 1000 babies born in 1980. The under-five mortality rate is about 110 per 1000 children. Prevalence of malnutrition declined to 30% in 2000. About 62% of total population, 53% of the rural population and 80% of the urban population have access to safe water supply. Sanitation services are available to 37% of the total population, 35% of the rural population and 41% of the urban population. The table below provides additional health indicators for The Gambia. Physicians per 1,000 people Hospital beds per 1,000 people Child immunisation rate (under 1 year) Measles - Tuberculosis Prevalence of under –nourishment Child malnutrition (under 5 years) Births attended by skilled health staff 0.04 0.6 88% 97% 25% 30% 44% 11. Vulnerability to climate change in the health sector could result from increased temperatures that would lead to increases in Anopheles vectors, leading to increased incidences of malaria, in particular, while increased rainfall resulting in floods could cause contamination of drinking water by sewage. The floods would also result in increased occurrence of water-borne diseases. 12. The water sector’s vulnerabilities to climate change would include coastal flooding resulting in increased coastal erosion, saline intrusion reducing fresh water availability, and drainage congestion. Women are more vulnerable to water scarcity since they would have to travel longer distances to fetch fresh potable water. Coping measures that could be employed include water conservation, supply and demand management, water treatment, controlled flooding and flood protection areas, management of water resources infrastructure and improved forecasting for improved disaster management systems for adequate preparedness and safety measures. Energy 13. Fuel wood is the predominant source of energy in The Gambia and accounts for 78.6% of total energy consumption. Electricity is generated entirely from petroleum based fuels. 14. The reliance on fuel wood and charcoal presents significant vulnerability. The continued and widespread inefficient use of fuel wood and charcoal may intensify deforestation problems in the country. The resultant scarcity of biomass fuels would affect rural women, since they would have to travel longer distances to collect firewood. Another area of vulnerability in the energy sector is the impact of stormy 3 weather on electricity transmission lines. These could be damaged and require frequent repairs. In addition, temperature changes due to global warming could result in changes in energy requirements. For example, an increase in average temperatures could result in higher demand for cooling energy. This could mean additional generation of electricity, and therefore an increase in GHGs emissions. Transport and Infrastructure 15. The total road network in The Gambia is 2,700km long, of which 956km are paved. The Gambia has 400km of waterways, which include the Gambia River, the most navigable river in West Africa. 16. Roads and associated infrastructure are vulnerable to changes in climate patterns, for example increased flooding. Heavy rains and floods damage seasonal roads that are critical in the marketing of agricultural produce in rural areas, an activity mostly undertaken by women. Very heavy rains can damage telephone (landlines) and electricity infrastructure. Changes in sea level could affect ports and harbours and interfere with ocean freight. Coastal Resources and Structures 17. The Gambia has a coastline 80km long. The coastline is mainly composed of sandy beaches and the main developments include residential, commercial and fish landing facilities as well as beach hotels. In the year 2000, the Department of State for Works, Communication and Information commissioned a study on coastal protection. The findings indicated that the causes of erosion were partly due to human activities (sand mining) and partly natural (inundation and sea level rise). 18. Vulnerability of coastal resources includes drainage congestion, saline water intrusion, and accelerated coastal erosion. Changes in sea level are likely to destroy the delicate coastal ecosystems, which depend on wetlands, beaches, coral reefs and mangroves. Fish, birds and mammals, which rely on coastal wetlands, would also be affected. In addition, sea level rises could affect the population that lives by the coast, as well as lead to the loss of agricultural land. Inundation due to flooding affects all members of the community. 19. Coping measures that may be useful in The Gambia include improved drainage networks, increased drainage capacity and construction of new hydraulic structures, for example, check-dams to prevent saline water intrusion. Institutional level measures include establishment of water management associations, development of institutional design criteria for drainage infrastructure, land use planning and change of cropping patterns. Protection of coastal wetlands and maintenance of coastal embankment could also be considered. The proposed NAPA will build on these findings and identify priority adaptation measures. Institutional Context 20. The responsibility for environmental issues in The Gambia is shared by a number of Government and Non-Government institutions. The flowchart below shows the institutional framework for the implementation of the Convention on Climate Change. The functions of some of the key Government institutions are summarised below: 21. The Department of State for Fisheries, Natural Resources and the Environment (DoSFNRE) is responsible for protecting and promoting the rational use of the country’s forests, fisheries, wildlife and water resources. It is also the policy level organ of Government responsible for the implementation of the Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) i.e. Biodiversity, Climate Change and Desertification. Technical departments under this Department of State are as follows: 4 a) Department of Fisheries, responsible for fisheries production and conservation; b) Department of Forestry, responsible for forest management and Focal Point for UNCCD; c) Department of Water Resources (DWR), responsible for meteorology and hydrology (surface and ground water quantity and quality) and Focal Points for UNFCCC and IPCC; d) Department of Parks and Wildlife Management, responsible for the protecting of wildlife and Focal Points for UNCBD and Ramsar Convention on Wetlands; e) National Environment Agency (NEA), responsible for coordinating environment-related matters, enforcing Environment Impact Assessments (EIA), and overseeing the implementation of The Gambia Environment Action Plan (GEAP). The NEA is also the Focal Point for GEF in The Gambia. 22. The task of implementing the MEAs by the DoSFNRE is realised through the Agriculture and Natural Resources Working Group (ANR). The Group is chaired by the Permanent Secretary, DoSFNRE and the National Environment Agency (NEA) serves as the Secretary to the Group. In addition to the above listed, other institutions in the ANR Working Group include: - - The Department of State for Agriculture, which is responsible for promoting agricultural development. The Department of Agricultural Services, which is responsible for the promotion of sustainable farming practices, agricultural extension and soil and water conservation. The Department of Livestock Services, which is responsible for improving animal productivity levels through the provision of extension advisory services. The National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), which is responsible for research on crop varieties and farm technologies geared towards increasing the agricultural productivity levels of farmers. The Department of Planning, which is responsible for collection, analysis and archiving of data and information in the agricultural sector. The Department of Lands and Surveys Women’s Bureau, which is responsible for promoting women’s interests Strategy for Poverty Alleviation Office Catholic Relief Services (NGO), which is active in agricultural development Action Aid The Gambia (NGO), which is active in education The Department of Community Development which serves as the interface between the rural population, social services and the NGO community 23. The National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) is the key institution of environmental policy issues. The NEMC has a technical secretariat, the NEA. Meanwhile, based on the active participation and previous experience of Department of Water Resources (DWR) in climate change matters, it was selected as the Lead Agency and Contact Point for climate change. The DWR, through the National Climate Committee (NCC) is the technical arm of DoSFNRE charged with the responsibility of implementing climate change convention. The NCC was established in November 1992 and is a multidisciplinary task team composed of government, non-governmental organizations, the media and private sector institutions. 5 Table 1: Organisational structure for climate change issues in The Gambia National Environmental Management Council Forestry Department (Focal Point of the CCD) Task Force on GHG Inventories BCC CSD DAS DCD DLS DoForest DoP DPWM DWR GCAA GPTC GREA KMC DoSW GPA NEA GREC GARDA Gambia Daily AFET CRS NARI GEA TANGO Fisheries Depart ment AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES WORKING GROUP (ANR) National Environment Agency (NEA), Department of State for Fisheries, Natural Resources and the Environment (DoSFNRE) NAPA COUNTRY TEAM (NCT) Department of Water Resources UNFCCC & IPCC Focal Points Department of Parks and Wildlife Management (Focal Point of the CBD) National Environment Agency (Focal Point Montreal Protocol) NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COMMITTEE Task Force on Task Force on Impacts Task Force on Mitigation and Adaptation Education, Training BCC CSD DAS DCD DLS DoForest DoP GCAA GREA GPTC BCC KMC GPA NEA GREC GARDA DoFish DPWM DWR DoForest DAS DLS DoP NARI Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Team (MIAT) Agriculture Fisheries Rangeland and livestock Energy Health and water resources Coastal zones and wetlands Forests and woodlands and public awreness ACU DoSE GAWA GCCI GRTS GTTI DoE GARDA AFET CRS NARI Gambia Daily GRTS (Radio & TV) NEA GEA NARI Gambia College DoCD 6 Objectives, and linkages to ongoing activities 24. The objectives of NAPAs are: - To serve as simplified and direct channels of communication for information relating to the urgent and immediate needs for adaptation in The Gambia. - To facilitate capacity building for the preparation of national communications, and addressing urgent and immediate adaptation needs. Status of past and ongoing enabling activities 25. The Gambia has signed and ratified the following international conventions: - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea The Montreal protocol for CFC control United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) Summary of the First National Communication of The Gambia to UNFCCC 26. The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory is based on 1993 data, as it had more data than any other year and uses the 1996 Revised Guidelines (IPCC. OECD.IEA, 1997). Meanwhile, not all emission categories of the Guidelines are reported on, due to lack of data, or to the non-existence of the activity in the country. The sectors assessed are energy, agriculture, waste management, industrial processes and land-use change and forestry. A total of 181 Gg of CO2 were emitted into the atmosphere while about 50,000 Gg were removed from the atmosphere by various socio-economic activities conducted in The Gambia in 1993. This indicates that The Gambia is a net sink of carbon dioxide. Other gases emitted into the atmosphere are Methane (193 Gg), Carbon Monoxide (73 Gg), Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (7 Gg), Nitrogen Oxide (3 Gg) and Nitrous Oxide (0.23 Gg). Based on the Global Warming Potential concept, this results in a total uptake of 45,340,098 TCO 2E and, with a population of 1,025,867, the per capita uptake is 44.2 TCO2E/capita. 27. Based on economic analysis of greenhouse gas mitigation measures the options and technologies considered feasible to implement in The Gambia are (1) Rural electrification using solar generators; (2) Greenhouse gas abatement using improved cooking stoves to reduce fuelwood consumption; (3) Reducing CO2 emissions from organic waste combustion through composting; (4) Replacement of fuelwood by liquefied petroleum gas; and (5) Carbon sequestration through forest management. 28. Climate data for the period 1951 to 1990 were used to establish the baseline climate scenarios for The Gambia, whilst GCM outputs from the Canadian Climate Centre Model, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, United Kingdom Meteorological Office, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory equilibrium run and the Hadley Centre General Circulation models. On the average, by 2075, mean temperature of The Gambia is estimated to increase by 3oC to 4.5oC depending on the GCM used. By 2100, a decrease of 15 to 59% and an increase of about 15% to 29% about the 1951-1990 average rainfall amount are estimated in The Gambia. Little change is estimated in solar radiation (-5% to + 6%) by 2100. A CO2 concentration of about 330 parts per million (ppm) is assumed for the 1970s. Double CO2 concentration levels of 540 - 580 ppm are likely to be achieved by 2075 and about 650ppm by 2100. Sea level rise scenarios adopted in the study are 0.2m as baseline, and 0.5m, 1.0 m, and 2.0 m by 2100. 7 29. The assessments of the impact of climate change on the various socio-economic sectors and ecosystems were conducted on crop production, coastal resources, rangeland and livestock, fisheries, forestry, biodiversity and wildlife and water resources. The results of the assessment indicate the following negative impacts: Cereal production would decrease significantly; The suitability of the habitats for species such as the Dwarf Crocodile and Osprey would be reduced; The city of Banjul and most of the mangrove systems would be lost under a 1-metre sea level rise scenario; and Live biomass and leaf area in rangeland grasses would decrease significantly. 30. With regard to the issues affecting the implementation of the Convention, the National Climate Committee, recognizes the paucity of data in the various sectors, its limitations in modeling, and in conducting economic analysis and integrated assessment of climate change, and in linking the science of climate change with policy, amongst other constraints. The Committee therefore seeks the availability of adequate human, technological and financial capacity and the required international cooperation, through bilateral and multilateral collaboration in order to address the above constraints. 31. The draft Initial National Communication has been reviewed by expert consultants and validated at a national seminar. The comments and observations made by the consultants as well as during the validation workshop have been incorporated. The document has now been delivered to a Printing Company to make the necessary copies for formal submission to the UNFCCC. Upon reception of the printing job, a launching ceremony (half day event) will be held after which the document would be available to the public. 32. On Phase II, UNDP had submitted a TOR for the recruitment of a project coordinator to the Government to review and comment. This has been done and an advertisement was placed in the local newspaper. The Government team will now hold a meeting with the UNDP office to finalise the workplan for the project and it will be implemented through UNDP in parallel to the NAPA project, as there is no duplication of activities between these two projects. 33. The Gambia also participated in the United States Country Studies Programme for Climate Change (USCSP) on Mitigation, Vulnerability and Adaptation in Developing and Transition Countries. The participating countries assessed their vulnerability, identified adaptation methods and developed plans for responding to climate change. The studies achieved the following: - Increased participation of developing and transition countries, Understanding of countries’ vulnerability and adaptation program to climate change, A better understanding of high green house gases emitting sectors and mitigation options, Increased capacity of climate change researchers and a better understanding of current emissions and projected growth in individual countries 34. Table 2 summarises the vulnerability assessment undertaken in The Gambia under the USCSP. Annex 1 presents an initial set of gaps that still remain to be addressed, which will be tackled in the NAPA preparation. Although the study managed to identify key vulnerabilities in major sectors, a lot still remains to be done in the identification of appropriate adaptation measures, and criteria for selecting priority measures. The NAPA will also propose additional gaps that need to be addressed. 35. The Gambia has since 1999 produced a national report on biodiversity, a report on the status and trends of biodiversity in the country and National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). The NBSAP recognises that much of the biodiversity loss in The Gambia is due to lack of awareness, poverty, inappropriate policies and perverse incentives, which encourages over-exploitation and 8 unsustainable use of biological resources. The Action Plan therefore emphasises awareness promotion and policy and institutional reform. The strategies also recognise the lack of reliable data and the necessary human resources and institutional capacity as the major limitations hindering effective resource planning and management and enforcement of laws and policies. Table 2: Summary of Vulnerability and Adaptation assessment in The Gambia under the US Country Studies Program Sector Vulnerabilities Adaptation options Coastal Resources Sea Level rise Amplified storm surges Inundation Accelerated erosion of the coastline Building protection walls Development planning and building requirements Agriculture Maize, Millet and Groundnuts Temperature rise Decrease in precipitation Decrease in yields of Maize and Millet Adaptation measures not proposed Water Resources Change in precipitation Change in river flow. Increase effects of droughts or floods Saline intrusion Adaptation measures not proposed Forestry The Gambia has potential for increasing biomass stock Adaptation measures not proposed Fisheries Flooding Decreased productivity Adaptation measures not proposed 9 36. The NBSAP through its various strategies proposes several actions, which demonstrate the sensitivity of biodiversity and its components, to the impacts of the current and future climate. Amongst them are: - To assess the major threats and underlying causes of biodiversity loss in key ecosystems or habitats; To study and develop indicators associated with different habitat structures and determine the critical limits of the varying degrees of ecological disturbance; To carry out studies of crop suitability and adaptations to various environments to enable growing crops in areas best suited for them and to maintain crop diversity; To strengthen crop breeding programmes using genetic materials from the wild, to develop new crop varieties, including salt-tolerant and short cycle crop varieties 37. Following the preparation of the NBSAP a number of programmes/projects on biodiversity conservation have been initiated: e.g. a regional project involving Senegal and The Gambia under the framework of the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) is currently under implementation. Also, the Integrated Coastal and Marine Biodiversity project has received GEF approval for funding. 38. The Gambia has completed and adopted the National Action Plan (NAP) to combat desertification, during the second national forum in February 2000. The NAP is formulated against good background knowledge of climate variability and climate change and therefore supports measures that favour the reduction of greenhouse house gas emissions into the atmosphere. 39. Implementation of the above three Conventions brought to light the existence of serious lack of financial, human and technical/scientific capacity for effectiveness. Success in achieving any meaningful goals will certainly depend to a considerable extent, on the level of the above capacities being available within the country. It is for this reason that the National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) initiative, whose main objective is to enable countries to precisely determine their capacity requirements in the above three Conventions (Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Desertification Control) was launched by GEF and UNDP. Implementation of the NCSA project is currently ongoing in The Gambia. 40. The Gambia participated fully in the recently concluded World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa and presented the National Report on Sustainable Development and the implementation of Agenda 21. The report, having assessed the progress in, and challenges to sustainable development in areas such as economic performance; strategies for sustainable agriculture, natural resources and environmental management; and achievements in sustainable social development, concludes that sustainable development has taken root in The Gambia. 10 Table 3: Schedule of NAPA project activities and output Background Literature review Preparatory Activities Literature review Literature review Assessment and Prioritisation Draft V&A report National Workshop to review draft criteria and priorities National Workshop Sectoral & Eco-System Seminars Review of prioritisation of activities by NAPA Team Final criteria & priorities First draft NAPA incorporating proposals, criteria & priorities Drafting & Compilation Development of proposals for priority activities Public dissemination & review Public review and finalisation of the NAPA Documentation Resource Pack Government, & civil society review and GEF endorsement Updated NAPA incorporating public review Final NAPA incorporating Government & civil society review and endorsement by GEF National Focal Point Wider Dissemination 11 Activity 1: Establishment, composition and mandate of the NAPA country network and identification of a lead agency 41. The main objective of this activity will be to establish a multi-disciplinary network and institutional structure charged with preparing the NAPA. The UNFCCC Focal Point will establish a NAPA Country Team in consultation with other relevant ministries and governmental departments, as well as the private sector, including NGOs. A Project Co-ordinator to co-ordinate the NAPA preparation will be identified and appointed. 42. The NAPA Country Team (NCT), with the Water Resources Department as the lead agency will be constituted to monitor, evaluate and to provide advice and guidance to the project. The NAPA Country Team will be answerable to the Agriculture and Natural Resources Working Group and will be composed of representatives from the following institutions: Permanent Secretary for Department of State for Fisheries, Natural Resources & the Environment (Chair) Director of Water Resources (Focal Point of UNFCCC) Department for State for Finance and Economic Affairs National Assembly member of the sub-committee on environment issues A representative of the civil society Association of non-governmental organisations - TANGO Secretary of the Public Expenditure Review Task Force on agriculture and natural resources Department of Forestry (Focal Point of UNCCD) Department of Parks and Wildlife Management (Focal Point for UNCBD) National Environment Agency (National GEF Operational Focal Point & secretary to Task Force on Disaster Relief) Project Co-ordinator (Secretary) 43. A multidisciplinary integrated assessment team (MIAT) will be mainly drawn from the current membership of the National Climate Committee (task team under the ANR Working Group), which has representatives from key sectors as well as from The Gambia's major eco-systems. The National Climate Committee (NCC) is a multi-disciplinary task team composed of about 40 government, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and private sector institutions. The Department of Water Resources chair the NCC and the NEA serves as the Secretary to the Committee. In addition, gender equality and youth participation will be considered in forming the MIAT. The participation of women is essential for several reasons. Adverse effects of climate change disproportionately affect women, who are often marginalised in national projects. Women are often knowledgeable in vital local and traditional issues, and they should be recognised as key stakeholders in consultations and decisionmaking. 44. Experts in the MIAT will be chosen from the following key organisations: National Environment Agency (NEA) Department of State for Works and Communication Association of Non-Governmental Organisations (TANGO) Local Women’s Associations Department of Agricultural Services Department of Planning (Agriculture) 12 Department of Community Development Energy Division, Office of the President Department of State for Tourism and Culture District Desertification Committees Divisional Development Committees Department of Livestock Services Department of State for Agriculture Department of Parks and Wildlife Management Department for State for Finance and Economic Affairs Department of State for Local Government and Lands Department of State for Trade, Industry and Employment Department of Water Resources Farmers’ Platform Youth Groups Department of Health Services 45. Due to the need to continuously build the capacity of members of the National Climate Committee, the lack of expertise outside the NCC to take up the challenge, as well as the need to avoid a conflict of interests, MIAT will be a study team and the NAPA Country Team (NCT) watch over both technical and management concerns. The MIAT will, with the exception of the Project Co-ordinator, undertake all the studies related to the preparation of the NAPA, for which it possesses the expertise. The Project Coordinator would facilitate the work of the MIAT as well as serve as link with the NCT. The Project Coordinator will have adequate and appropriate computer and telecommunication facilities, including access to the Internet. The MIAT will hold monthly meetings to monitor the progress of the project, while the project co-ordinator and assistant will be responsible for the day to day running of the project. The Project Co-ordinator would serve as secretary to the NAPA Team. 46. NAPA Country Team (NCT) being responsible for preparing the NAPA and co-ordinating its implementation will maintain a distinct separation with the MIAT. No members of the MIAT will be part of the NAPA Team, with the exception of the Project Co-ordinator. The NCT will meet as often as required (at least 4 times during the project life – meetings scheduled for start and end of activities as per proposed workplan) to review and guide the progress of the project. The NCT avails itself to the methods and approaches that are available for the implementation of the NAPA, including material from the Least Developed Country Expert Group (LEG), UNEP and others. The NAPA Country Team will request for assistance from UNEP and the LEG to identify appropriate methods and approaches for implementing the project. 47. It is estimated that a total of 8 experts covering the issues of agriculture, fisheries, rangeland and livestock, energy, health and water resources and coastal zones and wetlands, and forests and woodlands will form part of the MIAT. These experts will ideally be the team leaders of the various groups who conducted the vulnerability and adaptation studies for the First National Communication. The experts will undertake assessments of vulnerabilities to climate change in their respective sectors / ecosystems, and propose possible adaptation measures, priorities and associated criteria. They will prepare expert papers based on their assessments, which will be presented at the sectoral and ecosystem workshops, as well as undertake the required reviews. 48. In addition to the sectoral and eco-system experts, economists will be recruited as part of both expert teams. The economists will take a lead role in the cost benefit analysis of adaptation measures. The MIAT experts will focus on the drafting of the NAPAs. 13 49. By drawing on a wide range of disciplines, the resulting NAPA will be more integrated and crosscutting, capturing all the components of sustainable development. 50. The project co-ordinator will be responsible for compiling the various reports into a single comprehensive NAPA report and for overall day-to-day co-ordination of the project. 51. Based on the skills and capacity available in the country (as demonstrated by the progress of the preparation of the initial country communication), the duration of the project will be 18 months. This will provide sufficient time for building the requisite skills and capacity needed for the preparation of the NAPA. Outputs for Activity 1 52. The key output of this activity will be the appointment of the project co-ordinator, nomination of the NAPA Country Team and assembly of the MIAT experts. This activity will be undertaken for a duration of three months. Activity 2: Synthesis of available information on adverse effects of climate change and coping strategies 53. The main focus of this activity will be to review all previous and on-going studies on climate change undertaken to ensure that there is no duplication, and that the NAPA preparation is based on existing data and information. Special emphasis will be placed on filling the gaps identified from the V& A assessment in the UNFCCC National Communication. 54. For each of the sectors/ecosystems, the review will provide information on the following aspects: - Analytical approach that was used to assess vulnerability, including comments on strengths and weaknesses of modeling efforts; - Nature of the vulnerability, including range of affected populations, types of physical impacts, scope of economic risks, and urgency of the threat; - Magnitude of the physical impacts, including estimates of the uncertainty and potential range of impacts; and - Adaptation options, including a categorisation into policy, technology, and project approaches. 55. Both sectoral and eco-system experts forming the MIAT will gather existing international, regional and country-specific information on the vulnerability and adaptation to climate change based in their areas of specialisation. The information will be sourced from published and unpublished reports, articles, electronic media, conference papers and draft reports. The experts will synthesise the material gathered for their respective sectors and eco-systems, and will prepare a report on vulnerability areas and adaptation measures. The report will also included an annotated bibliography on all the materials and publications reviewed. 56. The key documents to be reviewed by MIAT will include: - National communications – The initial national communication under the UNFCCC, which is ongoing. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment, included in the initial national communication under the UNFCCC Report United States Country Studies Program Support on Climate Change Studies, Plans, and Technology Assessments. 14 - Biodiversity Studies and National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Desertification Control National Action Plan Reports from organisations that distribute food and medical aid to communities (e.g. World Food Programme) during emergencies Relevant national, eco-system and sectoral environmental reports. National and regional studies on drought Relevant IPCC Assessment Reports 57. As a gap-filling exercise, a Participatory Rapid Appraisals, (PRAs) with the aim of collecting additional information on vulnerabilities to climate change, coping measures currently in place and possible adaptation measures. Following departments will be involved by MIAT in undertaking the PRA: - Department of Central Statistics Department of Community Development Department of Agricultural Planning 58. The PRA will be modelled around the stakeholder consultation workshops used during the compilation of the National Communication, which involved 150-200 people from all walks of life and were held at the village level. The workshops were conducted in the local languages of Fula, Mandinka, and Wolof. Therefore, the PRA will cover the following three issues that were not exhaustively covered in previous Vulnerability and Adaptation assessment: - Coping measures and adaptation to climate change vulnerabilities Differentiated impact of climate change on men and women Criteria for prioritisation of adaptation and coping options 59. A documentation expert will compile the various documents into an accessible, easy to use documentation resource pack, which will be available in the public domain. The documentation resource pack will be housed in the lead agency. 60. An initial set of relevant publications and reports that could be included in the document pack are listed in Annex 2. The listed documents were used in the compilation of this proposal. Outputs for Activity 2 61. The main output for this activity will be a Draft V&A Review Report, to be compiled by the project coordinator from the reports prepared by each MIAT sectoral and eco-system expert; and, a public domain documentation resource pack on climate change, vulnerability and adaptation. This activity will be undertaken for a duration of four months. The documentation resource pack will comprise of: - A minimum of 8 key reports on vulnerability and adaptation to climate change Electronic abstracts of the key publications Draft V&A Report Reports of the MIAT meetings Contact list for vulnerability and adaptation in The Gambia, including detailed names and contact addresses of all agencies represented in the NAPA network. 15 Activity 3: Participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability and extreme weather events, and associated risks 62. The project co-ordinator in consultation with MIAT will organise an initial national level workshop, where a wide range of stakeholders will discuss the Draft V&A Review Report. The key objective of the validation workshop will be to solicit the views of stakeholders nationally, and to quantify, where possible, assessment of the sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of natural and human systems to climate change, with particular emphasis on changes in the range of climatic variation and the frequency and severity of extreme climate events. 63. The workshop will also identify the need for improvement of systems and methods for long-term monitoring and understanding the consequences of climate change and other stresses on human and natural systems in The Gambia. 64. The validation workshops will determine the following: 65. Past and current practices (coping mechanisms) for adaptation to climate change and climate variability 66. Key climate change adaptation measures 67. Criteria for selecting priority activities 68. Adaptation measures in the following sectors will be included: Agriculture 69. Adaptation measures that can be considered would include, improved irrigation efficiency, crop diversification, conjunctive use of surface and ground water for irrigation and changes in fertilisation techniques. At the institutional level, measures such as, improvement of agricultural extension services, research and development of new resistant crops, enhanced training programs and diversification of agricultural activities, improved agronomic practices and expanded access to credit could be considered. The validation workshop will evaluate these options and identify the most appropriate measures suitable for priority implementation. Health 70. Some adaptation measures that could be proposed for dealing with the vulnerabilities in the health sector, could include a comprehensive malaria control programme, establishment of water treatment facilities, revamping public health programs, construction of flood protection shelter for vulnerable population, access to improved health care systems, improved surveillance and monitoring of conditions favourable for health education, research and treatment of diseases. Energy 71. Some of the adaptation measures that could be proposed include more energy efficient appliances such as improved stoves both at household and institutional levels. These would directly benefit women, by reducing the amount of fuel used and therefore the time and distance for firewood collection. In addition, the appliances would reduce the exposure of women and children to smoke emissions. 72. A set of locally driven criteria will be used to select priority adaptation activities. The MIAT will consider the following criteria proposed in the guidelines prepared by the LDC Expert Group (LEG): 16 - Level or degree of adverse effects of climate change Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity Synergy with other multilateral environmental agreements Cost-effectiveness 73. Sectoral and eco-system experts as well as workshop participants will be invited to comment on the proposed criteria for prioritisation of adaptation measures as well as invited to suggest other criteria that might be more appropriate. Outputs for Activity 3 74. The consultation workshop will result in a more detailed inventory of areas of vulnerability to climate change in The Gambia; key adaptation and coping measures (categorised by sector and eco-system); and, an initial set of criteria for prioritisation of adaptation measures for The Gambia. This activity will be undertaken for a duration of two months. Activity 4: Identification of past and current practices for adaptation to climate change and variability 75. Based on the criteria agreed to by the National Workshop, MIAT will convene validation seminars to consult with district stakeholders to refine and prioritise the various adaptation measures. In parallel to the above activities, the sectoral experts will also convene validation seminar to prioritise the various sectoral adaptation measures. Priority adaptation actions identified in First National Communication include: 76. Agriculture (crop production) - Integrated crop/livestock farming - Efficient management of soil and water in order to reduce runoff and nitrogen leaching - Contour farming and construction of dykes, crop residue, fallowing and crop rotation for the maintenance of soil structure - Crop cultivar screening, training of rural development agents and on-farm adaptive research on crop management practices 77. Coastal zone - Construction of dykes to protect villages bordering the wetlands and swamplands from seasonal flooding - Rehabilitation of the groyne system - Construction of revetments, seawalls/bulkheads and breakwater systems in order to protect economically and culturally important areas - Development and enactment of appropriate regulations and policies relevant to construction, urban growth planning, and wetland preservation and mitigation - Development of a Coastal Zone Management Plan 78. Energy - Promote energy efficiency and reduce energy use by applying basic house keeping and retrofitting - Promotion and use of renewable energy - Replacement of firewood and charcoal by LPG as a source of domestic energy supply 79. Fisheries 17 - Use hatcheries to enhance natural recruitment Preserve and restore essential habitats and promote fisheries conservation and environmental education Promote aquaculture 80. Water Resources - Regulation of abstraction of freshwater from the river to maintain a delicate equilibrium between flow and saline intrusion - Introduction of legislative measures such as licensing and permits for withdrawal of river water for irrigation - Improvement of the efficiency of existing irrigation systems and introduction and encouragement of the use of more efficient irrigation systems such as sprinkler and drip irrigation - Promote of water harvesting techniques - Construction of small dams in most of the smaller streams of the river 81. The Project co-ordinator will compile the priority listings from the sectoral and eco-system seminars and develop a national level priority listing. Outputs for Activity 4 82. The key outputs for activity 4 will be a priority listing of adaptation measures for each sector and each eco-system as well as a national level priority listing of urgently needed adaptation measures with the requisite criteria. This activity will be undertaken for a duration of four months. Activity 5: Identification of key climate change adaptation measures 83. MIAT will identify the adaptation measures building on the information generated in Activity 4. It will identify autonomous and planned adaptation utilising the former as the foundation for planned adaptation. 84. It will develop approaches to adaptation responses, estimating the effectiveness and costs of adaptation options, and identification of differences in opportunities for and obstacles to adaptation in different parts of the country and population. The economists in MIAT will provide cost-benefit analysis for the identified adaptation options to assist in prioritisation of activities by the stakeholders. 85. MIAT will draw upon the past experience with adaptation to climate variability and extremes in the region to develop appropriate strategies for adapting to anticipated climate change. The experts will also identify national policies due to insufficient information that lead to maladaptation, such as promoting development in risk-prone locations. Output for Activity 5: 86. Planned, anticipatory adaptation options for The Gambia as supplement to identified autonomous adaptation. Duration two months. Activity 6: Formulation of country driven criteria for selecting priority activities to address the adverse effects of climate change 18 87. The project co-ordinator will organise a national workshop of experts, in consultation with MIAT to formulate a country driven criteria for selecting priority activities. The workshop will involve key Government departments, NGOs, community groups, research organisations and parliamentary members. 88. MIAT experts will then put together the selection criteria for submission to the NAPA Country Team for approval. Output for Activity 6: 89. Selection criteria based on analysis of the conditions under which various potential adaptations can be implemented and its effectiveness. This activity will take one month. Activity 7: Development of proposals for priority adaptation activities 90. The project co-ordinator will organise a national workshop involving all stakeholders to short-list the adaptation options identified in Activity 5. The workshop will then select and identify priority activities based on the criteria agreed in Activity 6. 91. MIAT will then prepare profiles of priority activities identified by the national workshop in the prescribed format. The profiles will describe how the adaptation measures will be implemented and highlight the requirements for implementing the measures. 92. The profiles will also include a cost-benefit analysis for each of the adaptation measures, to be prepared by economists attached to each sectoral and eco-system expert. Guidelines for the preparation of proposals are provided in Annex 3, prepared by the LDC Expert Group (LEG). 93. The NAPA project co-ordinator will co-ordinate the drafting and compilation of the proposals with the day-to-day co-ordination responsibilities delegated to the various sectoral and eco-system experts. Outputs for Activity 7 94. Once all the sections of the proposals have been drafted and compiled and incorporated in earlier draft reports, the compilation will constitute the first Draft National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) report in the prescribed format. This activity will be undertaken for a duration of three months. Activity 8: Public Review of the draft NAPA 95. The public review of the NAPA document will ensure incorporation of opinions and views of the public, and will be modelled on the public awareness and feedback mechanism used during the National Communication preparation that was spearheaded by: - Department of Community Development - Curriculum Development unit of Gambia College - Gambia Technical Research Institute - Local Government Division commissioners - Gambia Television and Radio - The Daily Observer Newspaper - The Gambia Daily Newspaper - National Agricultural Education Unit - Department of Adult Literacy 19 - The Independent Newspaper 96. In addition, a media consultant will be contracted to take a lead in publicising the NAPA. The draft NAPA will be summarised into brief 5-page summaries, and translated into Mandinka, Wolof and Fula, which are widely used in The Gambia before being distributed to the public for review. The Department of Adult Literacy will be particularly instrumental in the translation of the NAPA document given their experience in adult education. The draft NAPA will be distributed to various interest groups (e.g. NGOs, environmental organisations, universities, etc.) in both urban and rural areas. The draft NAPA will appear in English daily newspapers and the weeklies in the local language, which will ensure wider public readership. Press conferences involving representatives of the main TV station, national radio station and a wide range of FM radio stations will be organised. In addition, a public hearing will be organised to solicit the views of the general public. Comments from the public review of the draft NAPA will be compiled, and incorporated into the NAPA by the NSC with assistance from the sectoral and eco-system experts. Outputs for Activity 8 97. The output for this activity will be an updated NAPA (in both summarised and extended formats), which will have incorporated the comments received during the public review. This activity will be undertaken for a duration of one month. Activity 9: Final review of the NAPA by Government, civil societies, and endorsement by GEF focal point 98. The updated NAPA will be distributed to the NAPA country network, key Government ministries, the National Climate Change Committee and civil society for review. Comments received from the review will be used to further improve the NAPA. 99. The updated NAPA will then be forwarded to the GEF focal point for endorsement. Outputs for Activity 9 100. The two key outputs from this activity will be (i) the final NAPA (in both summarised and extended formats), and (ii) the endorsement letter from the GEF focal point in The Gambia. This activity will be undertaken for a duration of two months. Activity 10: Dissemination of the NAPA 101. The final NAPA report (in both summarised and extended formats) will be published, and also translated in Mandinka, Wolof and Fula. The published versions will be disseminated to a wide range of stakeholders and the public. Brief summaries of the reports will be reproduced in the major English daily newspapers, and the weeklies in the local language, and also discussed in the mass media (TV station and radio station). Outputs for Activity 9 102. The key outputs will be the published versions of NAPA reports in English, Mandinka, Wolof and Fula and widespread national dissemination. This activity will be undertaken for a duration of one month. 20 Institutional Arrangements for oversight and co-ordination 103. The National Executing Agency will co-ordinate the project. The Executing Agency will be the UNFCCC Focal Point, which is the Department of Water Resources. The Executing Agency will have overall responsibility for the project. They will oversee the constitution of the NAPA Team. 104. The MIAT will be formed at both the sectoral level and regional levels. Each major sector and eco-system will be represented in the MIAT. This will allow for participation of all stakeholders, even at the divisional and district levels. 105. The MIAT will meet monthly and will be comprised of the Project Co-ordinator and the experts. 106. The NAPA Team will act as an independent oversight body, and will approve the major decisions of the project. The Committee will periodically review the outputs of the MIAT, as well as proceedings of the national workshops. It is expected to meet at most six times during the project life. 107. UNEP as the implementing agency will provide technical backup and advisory support to both the executing agency and the NAPA country network. In addition, the NAPA Team could also request for technical assistance from the LDC expert group, (LEG). The institutional structure envisaged for the project is provided in Table 1. 21 Table 4: Timetable Activity/Month 1.0 Appointment of project co-ordinator, nomination of NAPA Team and setting up the MIAT 2.0 Synthesis of available information on adverse effects of climate change and coping strategies (to be carried out at sectoral and eco-system levels) 3.0 Participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate change variability and associated risks 4.0 Identification of past and current practices for adaptation to climate change and variability 5.0 Identification of key climate change adaptation measures 6.0 Formulation of country driven criteria for selecting priority activities to address the adverse effects of climate change 7.0 Development of proposals for priority adaptation activities 8.0 Public review of the draft NAPA 9.0 Final review of the NAPA by Government, civil societies, and endorsement by GEF 10.0 Dissemination of the NAPA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 22 18 Table 5: Budget (US$) Activity Stocktaking Process: (Assessments, consultations, workshops, etc.) Product: Assessment reports/strategy and action plan Total Assessment and prioritisation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Synthesis of available information on adverse effects of climate change and coping strategies Participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability and extreme weather events, and associated risks Identification of past and current practices for adaptation to climate change and climate variability Identification of key climate change adaptation measures Identification and prioritisation of criteria for selecting priority activities Total (Assessment and prioritisation) 9,525 3,000 12,570 25,095 - 7,425 500 7,925 - 54,450 2,000 56,450 - 5,400 - 5,400 9,525 7,425 77,700 500 15,570 7,925 102,795 7,925 - 7,925 - - - 7,925 7,000 7,000 7,000 14,925 17,650 - 17,650 - - - 3,000 20,650 19,320 19,320 22,320 39,970 4,700 160 4,860 2,700 2,700 4,700 27,850 27,850 160 5,000 5,000 4,860 30,550 5,000 35,550 12,225 138,825 47,050 198,100 Development of proposals for priority activities 1. National consultative process for short-listing potential activities 2. Selection and identification of priority activities on the basis of agreed criteria 3. Prepare profiles of priority activities in the prescribed format Total (Development of proposals for priority activities) Preparation, review and finalisation of the NAPA 1. Public review 2. Final review by Government and civil society representatives 3. Printing, publishing, translation and dissemination of the final NAPA document Total Technical Assistance 1. Assistance requested from LDC expert group 2. Other technical assistance Total Project Co-ordination and Management Monitoring and Evaluation Total TOTAL 23 References Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2002). The World Factbook-The Gambia. Document downloaded from CIA website (www.cia.gov) Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (1999-2000). Country Profile-The Gambia, Mauritania. Economist Intelligence Unit, London, United Kingdom. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (1999). Country Report Senegal, The Gambia, Mauritania. Economist Intelligence Unit, London, United Kingdom. Global Environment Facility (GEF) (2002) Project Documents. Document downloaded from GEF website (www.gefonline.org) Kebba, B., 2002 Country paper for the GEF African Meeting of National Focal Points. Document downloaded from GEF website (www.gefweb.org) Ramsar Organisation (2002). The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: National Report of The Gambia for COP7. Document downloaded from the Ramsar Organisation website (www.ramsar.org) Republic of The Gambia, (2002). Republic of The Gambia-Cabinet. Document downloaded from Republic of The Gambia website (www.gambia.com) United Nations (2000). The Worlds Women, Trends and Statistics (2000). United Nations, New York. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) (2002). National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (NAP)- The Gambia. Document downloaded from UNCCD website (www.unccd.int) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1993). The Impacts of Climate Change, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1999-2000). Vulnerability Indices: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation, UNEP Policy Series. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) (1990). Scientists Assessment of Climate Change, Policy Makers Summary of the report of Working Group I to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. UNEP and WMO, Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1999-2000). Vulnerability Indices: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations, UNEP Policy Series, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2002). STAP Expert Group Workshop on Adaptation and Vulnerability, 18-20 February 2002 and STAP Consultations, 21 February 2001. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (1997). Communications from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). UN, New York. 24 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2001). National Communications from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). UN, New York. The US Country Study Notes. Country Study Notes, Issue 10. The Country Study Notes, New York. WL Delft Hydraulics (2002). Project Description-The Gambia, Coastal Protection Study. Document downloaded from WL Delft Hydraulics website (www.wldelft.nl) World Bank (2001). Human Development Report (2001). World Bank Washington, DC. World Bank (2002). World Development Report (2002). World Bank Washington, DC. World Bank (2002). World Development Indicators (2001). World Bank Washington, DC. 25 Annex 1: Gaps in Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment in The Gambia Differential impact of climate change on men and women not covered Gender Sector Coastal Resources Infrastructure Agriculture Water Resources Forestry Grassland/ Livestock Fisheries Health Transport Energy Wildlife and Biodiversity Coverage/Initial set of gaps identified and -Effects of sea level rise due to amplified storm surges and inundation covered. Proposed adaptation measures include building protection walls development planning and building requirements. -Erosion levels due to sea level rises, drainage congestion, salinisation and natural disasters not covered -Impact on specific crops such as Maize, Millet and Groundnuts covered. -Adaptation assessment not undertaken. -Inundation of arable land by sea water, variation in rain water and sea level rise not covered -Effects of change in precipitation on and magnitude of runoff and its effect on droughts or floods covered. -Adaptation assessment not undertaken -Vulnerability to fresh water resources availability, morphological dynamics, drainage congestion and increased flooding not covered -Vulnerability assessment undertaken revealing that The Gambia has potential for increasing biomass stock. -Adaptation assessment not undertaken -Vulnerability assessment undertaken, adaptation assessment not undertaken -Vulnerability to sea level; changes and cyclone induced storm surges not covered -Vulnerability assessment undertaken indicating that flooding would result in decreased productivity. Adaptation assessment not undertaken -Physical and institutional adaptation not covered -Vulnerability and adaptation assessment not undertaken -Vulnerability to higher temperatures, floods, tropical cyclones and contamination of ground water not covered -Impact on roads (major highways and feeder roads) not covered -Impact on bridges and railways not covered -Impact on electricity generation not covered -Impact of floods and rain on electricity transmission lines not covered -Impact of higher day temperatures and lower night temperatures on energy requirements not covered -Vulnerability and adaptation assessment not under taken -Impact on wildlife and biodiversity species not covered - Not undertaken Criteria for prioritisation - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken Adaptation/Coping Options Institutional Technical capacity to Capacity to implement implement - Not undertaken - Not undertaken Financial capacity to implement Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken - Not undertaken 27 Annex 2: Selected Background Documents on Climate Change and Adaptation in The Gambia Robert T.Watson, Marufu C.Zinyowera, Richard H. Moss, 1995 Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change - ScientificTechnical Analyses, Contribution of Working Group II to the Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Abstract: This chapter summarises the scientific-technical analyses of impacts, adaptations, and mitigation of climate change in particular, mitigation options in the Transportation Sector. The transport sector is one of the most rapidly growing sectors. In 1990 was responsible for about 25% of 1990 world primary energy use and 22% of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel use. The transport sector though linked to economic development imposes burdens on society, including air pollution. The publication looks into climate change and abatement of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. It also includes a section on management of forests for mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. KEYWORDS: climate change, international, Asia, capacity building, energy, Gambia, China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Pages 33 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 2000 Vulnerability Indices: Climate Change impacts and Adaptation Abstract: Climate Change is the most challenging environmental problem facing the international community today. The purpose of this briefing paper is to review emerging and existing concepts of vulnerability and adaptability, and to refine them into a dependable tool for prioritising preventive actions by policy makers. This would ensure cost-effective policy decisions in a variety of countries and regions likely to experience adverse effects of climate change. The paper systematically differentiates between three domains of vulnerability considering present criticality in the absence of climate change, adaptive capacity and climate change hazards. KEYWORDS: climate change, vulnerability, adaptability, international Pages 84 United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) 2002 STAP Expert Group Workshop on Adaptation and Vulnerability, 18-20 February 2002 and STAP Consultations, 21 February 2001 Abstract: This is a background document on the STAP expert group workshop on Adaptation and Vulnerability convened from 18-20 February 2002, Nairobi, Kenya. The expert group workshop examined the following specific aims and objectives with the view of providing the GEF with strategic advice on how to maximise its interventions and investments in the area of adaptation. (i) How to operationalise the guidance provided by the conference of the parties; (ii) Identify the gaps in current scientific knowledge in terms of integration adaptation concerns into mainstream development in specific sectors; (iii) How to integrate adaptation concerns into mainstream development projects in specific sectors in a scientifically sound manner; (iv) Develop guidelines for the formulation of a framework and/or approach for the GEF to fund adaptation interventions; (v) Outline the main elements of a targeted research agenda for adaptation, based on the gaps identified in (ii). 28 KEYWORDS: UNEP, STAP, energy, GEF, international, workshop, climate change, adaptation Pages 32 The US Country Studies Management Team Washington, DC, USA, 1997 Country Study Notes, Issue 10 Abstract: Final country study reports for countries with economies in transition, an announcement of an inter-agency climate change program, reports on workshops, interim report on climate change action plan activities and advances in the Bolivia country study are contained in this issue. KEYWORDS: climate change, international, Nepal, USA, Egypt, Mexico, Fiji, Bolivia, newsletter Pages 7 US Country Studies Program (USCSP) (1999) Climate Change Mitigation Vulnerability and Adaptation in Developing and Transition Countries: US Country Studies Program Support for Climate Change, Studies, Plans and Technology Assessments. Abstract: This report provides an overview of the work conducted by developing countries participating in the U. S Country Studies Program (USCSP). Under this program, participating countries evaluated climate change mitigation options assessed their vulnerability to climate change, identified methods for adapting to climate change, and developed plans for responding to climate change. KEYWORDS: climate change, mitigation, vulnerability, adaptation, developing countries. Pages 96 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 1993 The Impact of Climate Change: UNEP/GEMS Environment Library No.10 Abstract: This booklet deals with the impacts of climate change the possibility of accelerated warming resulting from the enhanced greenhouse effect and with climate vulnerability. The effects of global warming on climate cannot yet be predicted at a local level, but those countries currently at the margin of their ability to support their populations’ will almost certainly find it difficult to adapt to new environmental conditions. KEYWORDS: climate change, environment, international, energy Pages 40 United Nations (UN), 1997 Communication from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1997) Abstract: The is a brief report from the UNFCCC Secretariat on the status of preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the convention. A status table is prepared using information obtained from: (i) national responses received from parties to a questionnaire on the status of preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the convention during the period of Feb-September 2001; and (ii) the Global Environment Facility, its implementing agencies and bilateral programmes. 29 KEYWORDS: UN, Climate Change, national communications, Pages 12 United Nations (UN), 2001 National Communication from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1997) Abstract: This document summarises and updates in synoptical form information concerning the state of advancement of activities in the areas of technical co-operation, including those known as CC; TRAIN, CC: FORUM, CC: INFO AND CC: SUPPORT, for consideration by the sixth session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) on which the secretariat had reported to the SBI since the second session of the Conference of the Parties (COP). The synopsis contains the following tables: Table I: “Status of preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the convention”’; Table 2: “Secretariat Participation in regional workshops; Table 3 “ CC: TRAIN national workshops”; Table 4: “CC: TRAIN training material”; Table 5: “ CC: FORUM”; and Table 6: “ CC: INFO national website initiative”. KEYWORDS: Climate change, International, Pages 14 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) National Action Programme To Combat Desertification (NAP): The Government of The Gambia Abstract: The National Action Programme is structured with a brief introduction and presentation of background information on The Gambia in Sections 1 and 2. These sections set the stage for the discussion of the impact of desertification in The Gambia in Section 3. Section 4 covers the NAP preparation process and provides a synopsis of analysis provided by the five sectoral studies commissioned during the NAP preparation. Finally, the National Action Programme is detailed in Section 5, including guiding principles, priority measures, institutional and financial arrangements, and monitoring and evaluation of the NAP. KEYWORDS: United Nations, The Gambia, combating desertification World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), 1990 Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: The Policymaker's Summary of the Report of Working Group 1 to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Abstract: Human activities may be inadvertently changing the climate of the globe through the enhanced greenhouse effect, by past and continuing emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases which will cause the temperature of the Earth's surface to increase - popularly termed the "global warming". If this occurs, consequent changes may have a significant impact on society. The purpose of the Working Group 1 report, as determined by the first meeting of IPCC, is to provide a scientific assessment of: 1) the factors which may affect climate change during the next century especially those which are due to human activity. 2) the responses of the atmosphere-ocean-land-ice system. 3) Current capabilities of modelling global and regional climate changes and their predictability. 4) The past climate record and presently observed climate anomalies. KEYWORDS: environment, international, report, policy, climate Pages 26 30 Annex 3: Guidelines on the Structure of NAPA Documents Information already included in the proposal for funding the NAPA preparation process need not be repeated in the NAPA document itself. The GEF proposal-preparation process requires specific information and linkages to other enabling activities. Only essential points should be repeated here. A. Introduction and setting 1. This introductory section will include background information about the country that is relevant to the NAPA process. It will cover current characteristics, key environmental stresses, and how climate change and climate variability adversely affect biophysical processes and key sectors. Given the need for conciseness in the NAPA document, only information that is directly relevant to the content of the NAPA document should be included in this section. B. Framework for adaptation programme 2. This section will also provide an overview of climate variability and observed and projected climate change and associated actual and potential adverse effects of climate change. This overview will be based on existing and ongoing studies and research, and/or empirical and historical information as well as traditional knowledge. This section should clearly summarise hazards posed by climate and climate change, and some summary of vulnerability, based on past studies and/or from stakeholder knowledge of their situation. This section will set the context for the whole NAPA by clearly demonstrating what aspects of climate change are important for the country, based on the experience of its stakeholders. Such an approach cannot rely exclusively on academic literature, or Vulnerability and Adaptation reports, but mainly on the knowledge of practitioners at the community level who have developed coping strategies over generations. The reference above to “projected climate change” implies drawing on existing national projections, if available. 3. This section will describe the NAPA framework and its relationship to the country’s development goals, as described in subparagraph 8(b)(i) above, to make the framework consistent with socio-economic and development needs. In addition, it would also describe the goals, objectives and strategies of the NAPA, taking into account other plans and multilateral environmental agreements. While the NAPA identifies urgent and immediate action, it still needs to fit within development goals, plans and frameworks, especially in relation to rural citizens and economic development plans for the country. NAPAs will not attempt to implement broad national development goals; rather, NAPAs would build upon national goals and integrate into national plans. They should also promote synergies with other plans of action, and action in the context of other MEAs. Most if not all countries have elaborated their development goals, and have systems in place to implement the associated plans through economic planning, etc. It is important that the NAPA team be aware of these, because NAPAs may be expected to safeguard important systems, including infrastructure that would be critical in achieving economic goals for the country. For example, a NAPA may wish to flood-proof a single bridge that connects a major cash-crop producing area of a region. 31 4. included. Where possible, a description of the potential barriers to implementation should also be There may be potentially serious barriers to implementing NAPAs, such as a lack of policies to facilitate the implementation of the NAPA. These barriers should be identified and possibly considered as areas for intervention in the immediate term or in future. Examples of such barriers could include legal and policy-level inadequacies or inconsistencies, institutional, social, economic and cultural barriers, lack of awareness of climate change issues etc. C. Identification of key adaptation needs 5. Based on this overview and framework, past and current practices for adaptation to climate change and climate variability will be identified as related to existing information regarding the country’s vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change, climate variability and extreme weather events, as well as long-term climate change. This section will explain how and to what extent activities may address specific vulnerabilities. This will be the synthesis of the core of the NAPA preparation process, and should clearly articulate suggested courses of action based on specific vulnerabilities. This long list of activities should be based on the assessments carried out by the NAPA team, including very substantive involvement by stakeholders. In some cases, countries may have adequate information from past studies to suggest urgent actions to address previously identified priorities. In such a case, the multi-stakeholder dialogue would emphasise the discussion of actions and selection of priority activities. 6. Given the actual and potential adverse effects of climate change described in section F.2 above, this section will identify relevant adaptation options including capacity building, policy reform, integration into sectoral policies and project-level activities. D. Criteria for selecting priority activities A country should be free to choose from these criteria as best suits their case. NAPA activities must address convincing threats of climate and climate change, and information should be provided that shows potential damages and how this damage would be avoided or reduced. NAPA activities should demonstrate fiscal responsibility (cost-effectiveness), they must be related to level of risk, and should complement important country goals, such as overcoming poverty to enhance adaptive capacity, and other environmental agreements. The prioritisation process is a two-tiered approach. Under paragraph 15 below, four general criteria will be used to select priority adaptation activities from a long list of potential activities. The criteria under paragraph 16 below will be prioritised and will subsequently be used to rank the selected NAPA activities. The criteria under paragraph 15 could be seen as of a first order; those under paragraph 16 as further detailing. It is possible to take all of these criteria into account by employing multi-criteria 32 analysis, as set out in Appendix D, where an example of a possible way to structure the criteria is given. Countries are encouraged to limit the number of criteria to a manageable number. 7. A set of locally driven criteria will be used to select priority adaptation activities. These criteria should include, inter alia: (a) Level or degree of adverse effects of climate change; (b) Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity; (c) Synergy with other multilateral environmental agreements; (d) Cost-effectiveness. 8. These criteria for prioritisation will be applied to, inter alia: (a) Loss of life and livelihood; Countries are encouraged to treat “loss of life” and “loss of livelihood” as two distinct criteria. (b) Human health; (c) Food security and agriculture; (d) Water availability, quality and accessibility; (e) Essential infrastructure; (f) Cultural heritage; (g) Biological diversity; (h) Land-use management and forestry; (i) Other environmental amenities; This could include wetlands, natural attractions, etc. (j) Coastal zones, and associated loss of land. Countries should use all or any of the above, as well as other relevant criteria for their situation. E. List of priority activities 9. This section will list priority climate-change adaptation activities that have been selected based on the criteria listed in section F.4 above. This is the outcome of the NAPA preparation process – a list of priority activities, which fit in well with the country's development goals and poverty reduction strategies, while at the same time enhancing the adaptive capacity of its vulnerable communities. 33 10. For each of the selected priority activities a set of profiles will be developed for inclusion in the NAPA document. This could follow the format set out in subparagraph 8(c)(iv) above. The format of the project profile is as follows, and each should be about 2-3 pages only: Title Rationale/justification, in relation to climate change, including sectors concerned Description - Objectives and activities - Inputs - Short-term outputs - Potential long-term outcomes Implementation - Institutional arrangement - Risks and barriers - Evaluation and monitoring - Financial resources F. NAPA preparation process 11. This section will describe the NAPA development process, including the process of consultation, the methods for evaluation and monitoring, the institutional arrangements, and the mechanism of endorsement by the national government. This final section would document, briefly, the processes and major steps in developing the NAPA, paying particular attention to the important guiding principles of NAPA, namely: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Use of a participatory process involving stakeholders, especially local communities Inclusion of multiple disciplines and inclusion of agencies responsible for implementing development plans Country-drivenness Contribution to overall sustainable development goals Government endorsement and commitment to implementing the outcomes, and some system for accountability Transparency 34 Annex 4: Multi-level indicator of vulnerability to climate vulnerability and climate change Vulnerability Indicator for country Socio-economic factors e.g. sectoral composition of GDP, GDP/cap. Total fertility, Adult literacy, community organisations, public employees/1000 Environmental factors, e.g., pop. Density/distribution, domesticated land as % land area. Air/water quality Food vulnerability Index Coping Capacity, e.g., % pop. In subsistence agric. Extension availability, net trade in cereals Agric. Sensitivity, e.g., crop/farm type, irrigation prevalence, Farm income Water vulnerability Index Coping Capacity, e.g Consumption per cap. % pop with modern access, type of water system Water Sensitivity, e.g., ground water reserves, soil moisture, runoff, drought days/area Settlements Vulnerability Index Coping Capacity, e.g, Investment share in GDP, Insurance mechanisms Hazards exposure, e.g., % pop. In marginalised settlements, % pop. near sea level, trad. biomass fuel use Health Vulnerability Index Coping capacity, e.g., Public health expenditures, distance to clinic, Health risk exposure, e.g., water&sanitation access, disease incidence, urban air quality Ecosystems vulnerability index Coping capacity, e.g. conservation enforcement, % land in protected areas Ecosystem sensitivity, e.g., extent of degraded soils, SO2 emissions, fragmentation 35