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Name _______________________ Period ____ Date _________ Genetics Using Punnett Squares Early Genetics • • • The study of genetics began with ____________________ made by Gregor Mendel. After noticing that the flowers his pea plants were either purple or white, Mendel began to study the segregation of _______________ traits . Lets consider a single gene… • A gene carries information that determines your _______. Traits are • • characteristics you __________from your parents. • Genes are located in __________________. • Chromosomes come in pairs and there are thousands, of _______in one chromosome. • In humans, a cell’s nucleus contains ______ individual chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes. • _________ of the chromosomes come from one parent and half come from the other parent. • • • • • • • Allele- discrete ____________ of the same gene Genotype- the __________ of an organism for one specific trait Phenotype- the physical __________ of a trait in an organism Dominant trait refers to a genetic __________ that “hides” the recessive trait in the phenotype of an individual. The term "recessive” describes a trait that is _________ over (or dominated) by another form of that trait and seems to ______________ Homozygous= two alleles that are the __________ for a trait (Pure) Heterozygous= two ___________ alleles for a trait (Hybrid) • We use two letters to represent the genotype. A ___________ letter represents the dominant form of a gene (allele) and a lowercase letter is the abbreviation for the ____________ form of the gene (allele). • Example below: P=dominant purple and p= recessive white Punnett Squares The Punnett square is the standard way of working out what the _________ offspring of two parents will be. – It is a helpful tool to show allelic combinations and predict __________ ratios. Lets review how to set up a Punnett Square… We begin by constructing a grid of two _______________ lines. Next, put the genotype of one parent across the top and the other along the left side. For this example lets consider a genotype of BB crossed with bb. Next, fill in the boxes by copying the column and row head-letters down and across into the empty ___________. Now that we have learned the basics of ________ lets walk through some examples using Punnett Squares. Let’s try some more… In pea plants, tall pea plants (T) are _________ over short pea plants (t). Construct a Punnett Square for a ______________tall pea plant and a short pea plant. Black eyes (R) is ____________ over red eyes (r) in rats. Make a cross between a homozygous rat with _________ eyes and a rat with red eyes.