Alcoholic fermentation
... proteins and fats are used as sources as fuel. Include the energy content of fat as compared to that of carbohydrates. Starches and glycogen are hydrolyzed to glucose; proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids and the extra amino acids are converted by enzymes to intermediates of glycolysis and Kreb’ ...
... proteins and fats are used as sources as fuel. Include the energy content of fat as compared to that of carbohydrates. Starches and glycogen are hydrolyzed to glucose; proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids and the extra amino acids are converted by enzymes to intermediates of glycolysis and Kreb’ ...
BIO 330 Cell Biology Lecture Outline Spring 2011 Chapter 9
... Preparation for entry to Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle; tricarboxylic acid cycle) C. Fermentation In absence of oxygen Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to regenerate NAD+ Lactate fermentation Lactate dehydrogenase works in either direction depending on prevailing conditions in the cell Lactic acid produ ...
... Preparation for entry to Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle; tricarboxylic acid cycle) C. Fermentation In absence of oxygen Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to regenerate NAD+ Lactate fermentation Lactate dehydrogenase works in either direction depending on prevailing conditions in the cell Lactic acid produ ...
TCA Cycle
... • Glycolysis oxidizes sugar to pyruvate which is converted to A.CoA in mitochondria • Proteins and fatty acid are also broken down to yield A.CoA • Acetyl units oxidized to CO2 in mitochondrial matrix by TCA cycle • Energy released during oxidation captured by NAD+ and FAD > Carried to ETC for synth ...
... • Glycolysis oxidizes sugar to pyruvate which is converted to A.CoA in mitochondria • Proteins and fatty acid are also broken down to yield A.CoA • Acetyl units oxidized to CO2 in mitochondrial matrix by TCA cycle • Energy released during oxidation captured by NAD+ and FAD > Carried to ETC for synth ...
Carbohydrate Catabolism in the Presence of Oxygen Releases a
... ATP is synthesized if ATP synthase, ADP, and inorganic phosphate ...
... ATP is synthesized if ATP synthase, ADP, and inorganic phosphate ...
Cellular Respiration Part 3
... ▫ Carbon atom is removed (3C to 2C) and released as CO2 ▫ 2C compound is oxidized while NAD+ is reduced to NADH ▫ Coenzyme A joins with 2C to form acetyl co-A ...
... ▫ Carbon atom is removed (3C to 2C) and released as CO2 ▫ 2C compound is oxidized while NAD+ is reduced to NADH ▫ Coenzyme A joins with 2C to form acetyl co-A ...
Key Terms and Ideas: Fill in the blanks or provide a definition in your
... 2. ____________________________ is a simple transfer of a phosphate group from the substrate molecule to the ADP. 3. Glycolysis is an ____________ process; no oxygen is required for this process to occur. 4. The electron transport chain occurs on the ____________________ of the mitochondria. 5. ____ ...
... 2. ____________________________ is a simple transfer of a phosphate group from the substrate molecule to the ADP. 3. Glycolysis is an ____________ process; no oxygen is required for this process to occur. 4. The electron transport chain occurs on the ____________________ of the mitochondria. 5. ____ ...
Respiration Notes (chapter 8)
... Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) -occurs on the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane. -produces 32-34 ATP using Chemiosmosis - e- of NADH & FADH2 (produced in steps 1&2). -the ETC consists of: 1.NADH dehydrogenase or reductase protein 2.Cytochromes (proteins) 3.at the end of the chain ...
... Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) -occurs on the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane. -produces 32-34 ATP using Chemiosmosis - e- of NADH & FADH2 (produced in steps 1&2). -the ETC consists of: 1.NADH dehydrogenase or reductase protein 2.Cytochromes (proteins) 3.at the end of the chain ...
lec32_F2015
... CoA is a central intermediate Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one way! In contrast to glycolysis, none of the intermediates are phosphorylated; but all are ei ...
... CoA is a central intermediate Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one way! In contrast to glycolysis, none of the intermediates are phosphorylated; but all are ei ...
Cell Respiration Exam - Data Analysis and Essay Markscheme
... more H+ outside (from electron transport chain); concentration gradient of H+ is formed / potential energy; H+ movement across membrane through protein channels in ATP synthetase; ADP is phosphorylated / picks up phosphate to ATP; ATP has more energy than ADP; chemiosmosis; ...
... more H+ outside (from electron transport chain); concentration gradient of H+ is formed / potential energy; H+ movement across membrane through protein channels in ATP synthetase; ADP is phosphorylated / picks up phosphate to ATP; ATP has more energy than ADP; chemiosmosis; ...
Cellular Respiration 3 Parts Glycolysis Kreb`s Cycle
... autotrophs nor heterotrophs can utilize the energy of the carbohydrate as it is. Both types of organisms must convert the carbohydrate to ATP, the energy currency of the cell, in order to carry out metabolic activity. ...
... autotrophs nor heterotrophs can utilize the energy of the carbohydrate as it is. Both types of organisms must convert the carbohydrate to ATP, the energy currency of the cell, in order to carry out metabolic activity. ...
Glycolysis Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
... citrate/ATP for fatty acid biosynthesis • Relative velocity curves for PFK-1 • Effect of glucagon on PFK-1 ...
... citrate/ATP for fatty acid biosynthesis • Relative velocity curves for PFK-1 • Effect of glucagon on PFK-1 ...
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism
... d. The noncompetitive inhibitor. 5. (a) is the Calvin-Benson cycle, (b) is glycolysis, and (c) is the Krebs cycle. 6. Glycerol is catabolized by pathway (b) as dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Fatty acids by pathway (c) as acetyl groups. 7. In pathway (c) at -ketoglutaric acid. 8. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosph ...
... d. The noncompetitive inhibitor. 5. (a) is the Calvin-Benson cycle, (b) is glycolysis, and (c) is the Krebs cycle. 6. Glycerol is catabolized by pathway (b) as dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Fatty acids by pathway (c) as acetyl groups. 7. In pathway (c) at -ketoglutaric acid. 8. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosph ...
Metabolism
... - HOWEVER acetyl CoA is not recycled and to get more CoA available to be used in CAC, the used acetyl CoA molecules react with one another to remove CoA yet produce ketone bodies (such as acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) Ketone bodies can be acidic and if they accumulate in the bloo ...
... - HOWEVER acetyl CoA is not recycled and to get more CoA available to be used in CAC, the used acetyl CoA molecules react with one another to remove CoA yet produce ketone bodies (such as acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) Ketone bodies can be acidic and if they accumulate in the bloo ...
Microbial Metabolism Notes
... (i) O2 is considered the final electron acceptor (c) redox energy is used to pump H+ into the cell (i) creates a higher concentration in ICF (d) H+ is moved out through ATPsynthase creating ATP as it moves out (e) each NADH has enough energy to produce 3 ATP and each FADH2 can produce 2 (i) 30 ATP f ...
... (i) O2 is considered the final electron acceptor (c) redox energy is used to pump H+ into the cell (i) creates a higher concentration in ICF (d) H+ is moved out through ATPsynthase creating ATP as it moves out (e) each NADH has enough energy to produce 3 ATP and each FADH2 can produce 2 (i) 30 ATP f ...
GLYCOLYSIS and respiration review worksheet
... Answer in complete sentences. Glycolysis, the breakdown of carbon-containing molecules, is common to all organisms and occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells. It may occur in the presence or absence of oxygen and yields a small amount of energy in the form of ATP. 1. What is the difference between aer ...
... Answer in complete sentences. Glycolysis, the breakdown of carbon-containing molecules, is common to all organisms and occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells. It may occur in the presence or absence of oxygen and yields a small amount of energy in the form of ATP. 1. What is the difference between aer ...
Name: Date: 1. The is the source of most of the cellular energy. A
... phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP ...
... phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP ...
Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
... eight electrons captured are transported by electron carriers to O2 generating a proton gradient that drives the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP. The stoichiometry of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation is 2.5 ATP per NADH and 1.5 ATP per FADH2. As a result 9 ATP are ge ...
... eight electrons captured are transported by electron carriers to O2 generating a proton gradient that drives the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP. The stoichiometry of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation is 2.5 ATP per NADH and 1.5 ATP per FADH2. As a result 9 ATP are ge ...
NME2.31 - Energy Production
... Acetyl-CoA contains coenzyme-A which is derived from vitamin B5 NAD has a central nicotinamide ring derived from vitamin B3 ...
... Acetyl-CoA contains coenzyme-A which is derived from vitamin B5 NAD has a central nicotinamide ring derived from vitamin B3 ...
unit 1: introduction to biology
... Q. 7: Which of the following is NOT true of glycolysis? A) FAD is reduced to FADH2 B) there is no release of CO2 C) glucose is converted into two three-carbon compounds (= GAP & DAP) D) there is a net gain of two ATPs per glucose molecule E) oxygen is not required Q. 8: The bridging chemical reactio ...
... Q. 7: Which of the following is NOT true of glycolysis? A) FAD is reduced to FADH2 B) there is no release of CO2 C) glucose is converted into two three-carbon compounds (= GAP & DAP) D) there is a net gain of two ATPs per glucose molecule E) oxygen is not required Q. 8: The bridging chemical reactio ...
Summary
... Aerobic “respiration” in mitochondria: important for ATP synthesis and a source of intermediates for other biochemical pathways pyruvate (C3H3O3) + 4 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O ...
... Aerobic “respiration” in mitochondria: important for ATP synthesis and a source of intermediates for other biochemical pathways pyruvate (C3H3O3) + 4 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2H2O ...
Anaerobic Fermentation
... Lack of Oxygen in mitochondria Oxygen = final electron acceptor in aerobic resp If no O2 oxidizes the last protein in e- transport ...
... Lack of Oxygen in mitochondria Oxygen = final electron acceptor in aerobic resp If no O2 oxidizes the last protein in e- transport ...
Cellular Respiration
... • 6C glucose split • to 2, 3C pyruvates • Yield 2 ATP • Yield 2 NADH • 10 reaction steps, each catalyzed by specific enzymes. ...
... • 6C glucose split • to 2, 3C pyruvates • Yield 2 ATP • Yield 2 NADH • 10 reaction steps, each catalyzed by specific enzymes. ...
SCI_7726_files/Cellular Respiration
... • 6C glucose split • to 2, 3C pyruvates • Yield 2 ATP • Yield 2 NADH • 10 reaction steps, each catalyzed by specific enzymes. ...
... • 6C glucose split • to 2, 3C pyruvates • Yield 2 ATP • Yield 2 NADH • 10 reaction steps, each catalyzed by specific enzymes. ...
Cellular Respiration
... Electrons and the Importance of Oxygen • Review – Electron energy determined by arrangement • e-’s further from the nucleus = more PE • e-’s dropping levels release E ...
... Electrons and the Importance of Oxygen • Review – Electron energy determined by arrangement • e-’s further from the nucleus = more PE • e-’s dropping levels release E ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.