Guangyi Wang Chemosynthesis (Chemolithotrophy)
... Biological Utilization of Chemical Energy 1. Energy “Currency” ATP - Economic analogy for the transformation of energy in the cell - need for a "medium of exchange". Most biochemical reaction series requires elaborate cell machinery and organization, and many specific enzymes. It is not efficient, a ...
... Biological Utilization of Chemical Energy 1. Energy “Currency” ATP - Economic analogy for the transformation of energy in the cell - need for a "medium of exchange". Most biochemical reaction series requires elaborate cell machinery and organization, and many specific enzymes. It is not efficient, a ...
Carbohydrate Catabolism Cellular Respiration
... • Cells use electron carriers to carry electrons (often in H atoms) • Two important electron carriers – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) – 3 ATP per Molecule ...
... • Cells use electron carriers to carry electrons (often in H atoms) • Two important electron carriers – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) – 3 ATP per Molecule ...
Energy Cycle in Vertebrates - Jean
... or transported to other tissues. Therefore, fuel mobilization is controlled by complex neural and hormonal mechanisms designed to activate key enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol and glycogen. These specific enzymes are lipases and glycogen phosphorylase. Lipases break down triacy ...
... or transported to other tissues. Therefore, fuel mobilization is controlled by complex neural and hormonal mechanisms designed to activate key enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol and glycogen. These specific enzymes are lipases and glycogen phosphorylase. Lipases break down triacy ...
HOW CELLS HARVEST ENERGY (ch. 9 - Campbells)
... Autotroph - an organism that produces its own food. Producer. Green plant that photosynthesizes. Converts solar energy into chemical bond energy. Heterotroph - an organism that can not produce its own food. Consumer. Must rely on producers for energy. Animals fungi, protozoans and some bacteria. Res ...
... Autotroph - an organism that produces its own food. Producer. Green plant that photosynthesizes. Converts solar energy into chemical bond energy. Heterotroph - an organism that can not produce its own food. Consumer. Must rely on producers for energy. Animals fungi, protozoans and some bacteria. Res ...
2 ATP - Loyola Blakefield
... Reactions to hydrolyze a 6-C glucose molecule into two 3-C molecules called pyruvate/pyruvic acid ...
... Reactions to hydrolyze a 6-C glucose molecule into two 3-C molecules called pyruvate/pyruvic acid ...
First Semester Biology Exam
... 66. Adenosine Triphosphate, what the body uses for energy, the last phosphate bond stores the most energy, it is a specialized nucleotide, becomes ADP when bonds are broken, necessary for cells to do tasks. Sugar is ribose, the base is Adenine. 67. oxygen 68. release stored energy and converts that ...
... 66. Adenosine Triphosphate, what the body uses for energy, the last phosphate bond stores the most energy, it is a specialized nucleotide, becomes ADP when bonds are broken, necessary for cells to do tasks. Sugar is ribose, the base is Adenine. 67. oxygen 68. release stored energy and converts that ...
26.4 The ureo cyde
... Once a,-ketoacidshave been formed from amino acid by transamination reactions, their carbon skeletons are subjected to further chemical changes.One set of amino acids is converted to pyruvate, oxaloacetate,or a-ketoglutarate (Fig. 26.4).Amino acids that are conuertedto theseintermediates are called ...
... Once a,-ketoacidshave been formed from amino acid by transamination reactions, their carbon skeletons are subjected to further chemical changes.One set of amino acids is converted to pyruvate, oxaloacetate,or a-ketoglutarate (Fig. 26.4).Amino acids that are conuertedto theseintermediates are called ...
ATPs and - Walton High
... carbon pieces by a process known as Beta Oxidation. Since the fatty acid chains can be up to 20 carbons long there is a very great deal of energy stored in fats. ...
... carbon pieces by a process known as Beta Oxidation. Since the fatty acid chains can be up to 20 carbons long there is a very great deal of energy stored in fats. ...
Lesson Objective: Vocabulary: Lesson Question: Focus Question
... ronment, pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP through the process known as aerobic respiration Pyruvic acid can enter other pathways if there is not oxygen present in the cell’s environment. The combination of glycol glycolysis ysis and these anaerobic pathways ...
... ronment, pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP through the process known as aerobic respiration Pyruvic acid can enter other pathways if there is not oxygen present in the cell’s environment. The combination of glycol glycolysis ysis and these anaerobic pathways ...
Review Problems #2 (Enzyme Review, Phosphatases
... think this difference exists? Where are similar activation strategies employed in biosynthesis? 14) Which amino acids derive their carbon skeletons completely from oxaloacetate? 15) Which amino acid is derived from oxaloacetate and pyruvate? What carbon piece is lost in this process? What cofactor p ...
... think this difference exists? Where are similar activation strategies employed in biosynthesis? 14) Which amino acids derive their carbon skeletons completely from oxaloacetate? 15) Which amino acid is derived from oxaloacetate and pyruvate? What carbon piece is lost in this process? What cofactor p ...
AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH ...
... glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH ...
L11v01a_oxy_phos_part_1.stamped_doc
... [00:00:27.20] And finally in this video, we'll look in detail at the structure of the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is the location for most of these processes, as it is the essential barrier between the inner mitochondrial matrix and the mitochondrial inter-membrance space. [00:00:46.41] Now, ...
... [00:00:27.20] And finally in this video, we'll look in detail at the structure of the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is the location for most of these processes, as it is the essential barrier between the inner mitochondrial matrix and the mitochondrial inter-membrance space. [00:00:46.41] Now, ...
An Introduction to Metabolism by Dr. Ty C.M. Hoffman
... transport chain. Electrons from the hydrogen are passed down the chain and received at the other end by oxygen, which also receives the protons from the hydrogen. The combination of electrons and proton ...
... transport chain. Electrons from the hydrogen are passed down the chain and received at the other end by oxygen, which also receives the protons from the hydrogen. The combination of electrons and proton ...
APES-Cycles-of
... Phosphorus is an important building block of DNA and ATP; all living things must have phosphorus P is found in rocks, and enters food webs when plants take up phosphorus found in soil Only one that doesn’t cycle through the atmosphere! (no gaseous form) P is a limiting factor for primary productivit ...
... Phosphorus is an important building block of DNA and ATP; all living things must have phosphorus P is found in rocks, and enters food webs when plants take up phosphorus found in soil Only one that doesn’t cycle through the atmosphere! (no gaseous form) P is a limiting factor for primary productivit ...
Respiratio
... first stable product formed is citric acid (6c), hence it is called citric Acid cycle. In this cycle first & acids (citrate, cis -aconitate, isocitrate, oxalosuccinate). contain three carboxylic acid groups, hence it is called Tricarboxylic Acid cycle- TCA cycle. ...
... first stable product formed is citric acid (6c), hence it is called citric Acid cycle. In this cycle first & acids (citrate, cis -aconitate, isocitrate, oxalosuccinate). contain three carboxylic acid groups, hence it is called Tricarboxylic Acid cycle- TCA cycle. ...
Cell Respiration Test
... c. Has zero kinetic energy d. Can do no work 9. Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? a. The products have more total energy than the reactants b. The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy c. The reaction goes only in a forward direction: all reactants will be con ...
... c. Has zero kinetic energy d. Can do no work 9. Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? a. The products have more total energy than the reactants b. The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy c. The reaction goes only in a forward direction: all reactants will be con ...
Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology
... 6. The energy released by oxidation of glucose is used to promote celluar metabolism. 7. In cells, enzymes initiate oxidation by decreasing activation energy. 8. Cellular respiration is the process that released energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use. IV. Cellu ...
... 6. The energy released by oxidation of glucose is used to promote celluar metabolism. 7. In cells, enzymes initiate oxidation by decreasing activation energy. 8. Cellular respiration is the process that released energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use. IV. Cellu ...
09_Lecture_Presentation
... FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in man ...
... FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly • It breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in man ...
Chapter 6
... During the transport of electrons, a concentration gradient of H+ ions is formed across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space – The potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP by a process called chemiosmosis – The concentration gradient drives H+ through ATP s ...
... During the transport of electrons, a concentration gradient of H+ ions is formed across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space – The potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP by a process called chemiosmosis – The concentration gradient drives H+ through ATP s ...
OCN621: Biological Oceanography- Bioenergetics-II
... AUTOTROPHIC - self-nourishing, organisms with the ability to synthesize organic molecules from CO2. All photolithotrophic and chemolithotrophic organisms may be autotrophic, but many require small amounts of organic molecules - vitamins or essential amino acids which they cannot synthesize. These or ...
... AUTOTROPHIC - self-nourishing, organisms with the ability to synthesize organic molecules from CO2. All photolithotrophic and chemolithotrophic organisms may be autotrophic, but many require small amounts of organic molecules - vitamins or essential amino acids which they cannot synthesize. These or ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.