Download Lesson Objective: Vocabulary: Lesson Question: Focus Question

Lesson Objective:
By the end of the lesson (s), I can:
1. Describe the process of cell respiration, including reactants and products,
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
2. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Vocabulary:
Cellular respiration
NADH
Aerobic respiration
NAD+
Lactic Acid fermentation
Kilocalorie
Acetyl CoA
Oxaloacetic acid
FAD
Pyruvic Acid
Anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
Mitochondrial matrix
Krebs cycle
citric acid
Lesson Question:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the steps involved in cellular respiration?
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Explain the role of organic compounds in cellular respiration.
Compare and contrast the products of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic
fermentation.
5. Calculate the efficiency of glycolysis if 12 kcal of energy are required to transfer
energy from glucose to ATP.
6. For each six-carbon molecule that begins glycolysis, determine how many molecules
of ATP are used and how many molecules of ATP are produced.
7. Construct a model that describes cellular respiration.
8. Construct a model that compares lactic acid fermentation to alcoholic fermentation.
9. Construct a model of the Kreb cycle
10. What is the relationship between the mitochondria and cellular respiration?
Focus Question:
1. How do the structures of organisms enable life’s functions?
2. How do organisms obtain and use the matter and energy they need to live and grow?
3. How do matter and energy move through an ecosystem?
Overarching questions:
1. How do organisms live, grow, respond to their environment, and reproduce?
2. How and why do organisms interact with their environment, and what are the effects
of those interactions?
Cellular Respiration
1) Glycolysis and Fermentation
a) Harvesting Chemical Energy
 Cellular respiration is the complex precess in which cells make adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) by breaking down organic compounds.
 Both autotrophs and heterotrophy undergo cellular respiration to breakdown organic
compounds into simpler molecules to release energy.
 Some energy is used to make ATP which is then used by the cells to do work.
 The figure below shows that autotrophs and heterotrophs use cellular respiration to
make CO2 and water from organic compounds and oxygen.
 ATP is also made during cellular respiration.
 Autotrophs then use the CO 2 and water to produce oxygen and organic compounds.
 Therefore, we can say that the products of cell
cellular
ular respiration are the reactants in
photosynthesis and conversely, the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of
cellular respiration,
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

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Cellular respiration can be divided into 2 stages:
(1) Glycolysis
(a) Stage in which organic compounds are converted into 3 carbon molecules of
pyruvic acid,, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH (an electron
carrier molecule). This is an anaerobic process because it does not require
the presence of oxygen.
(2) Aerobic respiration
(a) If oxygen is present in the cell’s envi
environment,
ronment, pyruvic acid is broken down
and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP through the process known
as aerobic respiration
Pyruvic acid can enter other pathways if there is not oxygen present in the cell’s
environment.
The combination of glycol
glycolysis
ysis and these anaerobic pathways is called fermentation.
Many of the reactions in cellular respiration are redox reactions.
(1) In redox reactions one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) while another is
reduced (gains electrons).
(2) The following equation summarizes cellular respiration:
b) Glycolysis
 Glcolysis is a biochemical pathway in which one six-carbon molecule of glucose is
oxidized to produce 2 three carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.
 Series of chemical reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes.
 All reactions take place in the cytosol and occur in 4 main steps:
(1) Step 1
(a) 2 phosphate groups are attached to one molecule of glucose.
(b) The phosphate groups are supplied by two molecules of ATP, which are
converted into 2 molecules of ADP in the process.
(2) Step 2
(a) The six-carbon compound formed in step 1 is split into 2 three-carbon
molecules of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate (G3P). (also produced by the
Calvin cycle in photosynthesis.
(3) Step 3
(a) 2 G3P molecules are oxidized, and each receives a phosphate group.
(b) The product of this step is 2 molecules of a new 3-carbon compound.
(c) The oxidation of G3P is accompanied by the reduction of 2 molecules of
Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH.
(i) NAD+ is similar to NADP+ a compound involved in the light reactions of
photosynthesis.
(ii) Like NADP+, NAD+ is an organic molecule that accepts electrons during
redox reactions.
(4) Step 4
(a) The phosphate groups are added in steps 1 and 3 are removed from the 3carbon compounds formed in step 3.
(b) This reaction produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
(c) Each phosphate group s combined with a molecule of ADP to make a
molecule of ATP. Because a total of 4 phosphate groups are added in step 1
and 3, 4 molecules of ATP are produced.
(d) 2 ATP molecules were used in step 1, but 4 were produced in step 4.
Therefore, the process of glyolysis has a net yield of 2 ATP molecules for
every glucose molecule converted into pyruvic acid.
(e)