Download First Semester Biology Exam

First Semester Biology Exam
1. An atom is: the smallest particle of matter, Nonliving, Made up of Protons (+), Neutrons (0),
electrons (-); remember that electrons orbit the nucleus. Nucleus( protons and electrons)
2. Carbon Atom
3. Element
4. Atoms
5. Covalent- share electrons, this is what bonds hydrogen to oxygen in water, (makes an actual water
molecule; which is polar)
Hydrogen bond – weak attraction between polar molecules, find between 2 water molecules where the
slightly negative ends are attracted to the slightly positive ends of a polar molecule.
Ionic Bond- forms between ions of opposite charge. (Remember an ion comes from either losing or
gaining an electron. Redox)
6. Ion
7. Endothermic reactions- reactants have less energy than the products, Energy is coming IN = ENDO,
Activation energy is high = REMEMBER you want LOW activation energy. This reaction would need
an enzyme to lower the activation energy.
Exothermic reactions- Reactants have more energy than products, Energy is going out, Activation
Energy = LOW = good
8. Low, because it requires less energy to start a chemical reaction. Enzymes lower activation energy by
breaking bonds. Remember: Enzymes (usually proteins)are catalysts (speed up)
9. You can speed up a reaction by adding a catalyst (enzyme) to break the bonds of the reactants and lower
the activation energy.
10. Oxidation – Losing electrons (LEO) Reduction – gaining electrons (GER)
11. Polar – Do NOT share electrons equally and this creates partial “poles” Ex. Water,
Nonpolar- Share electrons equally, no partial poles. Ex. Oil, Fats, Waxes
Remember: Non polar and polar repel and will not mix.
12. Surrounds the cell inside and out, influences the cell membrane in terms of the phospholipids.
(Remember phospholipids have a polar head and two nonpolar fatty acid tails.)
13. Carbon = Organic
14. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon. Remember Carbon is what makes things organic so on the test
look for the choice that contains carbon and two of the others listed above. (C, H, O)
15. Carbohydrates are sugars, Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, Starch, Cellulose, etc. Key one is Glucose
because it is the body’s preferred fuel source.
16. Plants- Starch, Animals- glycogen (short term in liver and muscles) and Fat (long term)
17. Amino Acids (remember they contain Nitrogen and Hydrogen in addition to Carbon)
18. Lipids (look for chains of carbon bound to hydrogens; store the most energy)
19. Lipids are made up of fatty acids, long term storage of energy, contain a lot of carbon hydrogen bonds.
Lipids are soluble in other lipids. Remember: Like dissolves Like. Saturated – single bonds, solid at
room temp, Ex. Butter, lard usually from animals except for coconut and palm kernel oil.
Unsaturated - Double bonds, liquid at room temperature, from plants, vegetable oil, olive oil, canola
oil
20. Made up of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base) Ex. DNA and RNA Don’t forget ATP is a
modified nucleotide.
21. cells
22. prokaryotes – No nucleus, no membrane bound organelles. Do have DNA and ribosomes, cytoplasm,
cell membranes, some have cell walls, Primitive (they were here before eukaryotes) Ex. Bacteria only
Eukaryotes- Have a nucleus, have organelles. More advanced. Ex. Every living thing that is not a
bacteria.
23. cell membrane
24. it must have polar ends and a nonpolar middle section
25. the sequence of amino acids
26. organelle
27. mitochondria
28. packages proteins for export using vesicles (sacs)
29. nucleolus
30. mitochondria
31. on ribosomes
32. Golgi apparatus
33. nuclear envelope or membrane
34. question should read: The cell is to the cell membrane as is the nucleus to the nuclear membrane
(envelope)
35. nucleus
36. in the nucleus
37. cell wall
38. Chloroplasts
39. vacuole
40. thylakoid
41. cell, tissues, organs, organ system, organism. (remember the long version too…atoms, molecules and
compounds, organelles, cell….)
42. they reach equilibrium, and will become balanced on both sides of membranes
43. high to low, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
44. Active: sodium potassium pump, endo and exocytosis
45. Passive: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
46. Active transport: sodium potassium pump- 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in,
Endocytosis: Two types:
pinocytosis- (liquids), phagocytosis – food Remember phagocytosis is also how certain cells (white
blood cells) get rid of bacteria. Exocytosis: wastes and secretions get out.
47. Cell in a Hypertonic solution would shrink, hypotonic solution would swell, isotonic would stay the
same. Keep in mind the question is asking about solution.
48. active transport uses energy to pump 3 sodium out, and 2 potassium into the cell.
49. exocytosis
50. heterotrophs can NOT make their own food so they rely on eating other organisms for food in order to
obtain energy. Autotrophs- make their own food using photosynthesis. (plants)
51. Sun
52. photosynthesis
53. thylakoids in the form of grana
54. because it reflects green light
55. the electrons become excited go to a higher energy level and leave the molecule
56. carotenoids
57. they fuel the Calvin cycle
58. PSII replaces electrons by splitting water,
PSI replaces electrons with PSII’s electrons
59. splitting water
60. oxygen
61. G3P
62. ATP and NADPH
63. Calvin Cycle
64. carbon dioxide
65. is stored in ATP
66. Adenosine Triphosphate, what the body uses for energy, the last phosphate bond stores the most energy,
it is a specialized nucleotide, becomes ADP when bonds are broken, necessary for cells to do tasks.
Sugar is ribose, the base is Adenine.
67. oxygen
68. release stored energy and converts that energy into ATP
69. Glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid, ATP and NADH are produced
70. Fermentation
71. Citric Acid, Krebs cycle
72. glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen, while oxidative respiration requires oxygen.
73. NADPH
74. provide organisms with an alternative to glycolysis, breaks down glucose to form ATP, water and
carbon dioxide, produces the bulk of ATP needed for life
75. the ETC
76. ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and Carbon dioxide
77. ATP, NADH, pyruvic acid. (Does not produce NADPH remember the “P” for photosynthesis)
78. Mitochondria
79. ADP is the “unfueled” or “drained” version of the energy molecule. When we eat and do cellular
respiration the energy from the food we’ve consumed gets stored in a bond between ADP and a
phosphate making ATP. When energy is needed that bond is broken and energy is released making it an
exothermic reaction and leaving ADP and a Phosphate again. ATP- Full
ADP- needs to be
charged.
80. Products are: Water, Carbon dioxide, Energy (ATP)
81. Muscles will have to do lactic acid fermentation in the cytoplasm in order to replace NAD+ so
glycolysis can occur again.
82. Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetic acid which forms citric acid
83. 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP, 4CO2
84. Oxygen and water is formed
85. oxygen