Overview of Cellular Respiration
... high-energy electrons on the electron carrier NADH. Note that no O2 is needed for this set of reactions, which means that glycolysis can proceed in the absence of oxygen. The second stage is a short series of reactions called the oxidation of pyruvate during which pyruvate (3 carbon atoms) is conver ...
... high-energy electrons on the electron carrier NADH. Note that no O2 is needed for this set of reactions, which means that glycolysis can proceed in the absence of oxygen. The second stage is a short series of reactions called the oxidation of pyruvate during which pyruvate (3 carbon atoms) is conver ...
VEN124 Section III
... molecules, during which energy is released and recaptured in the form of ATP. ...
... molecules, during which energy is released and recaptured in the form of ATP. ...
respiration_how cell..
... converted to acetylCoA. Coenzyme A (CoA) is a large molecule (and a vitamin) that acts as a coenzyme. The conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA is an coupled oxidation-reduction reaction in which high energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and end up in NADH. The three carbon pyruvate is split int ...
... converted to acetylCoA. Coenzyme A (CoA) is a large molecule (and a vitamin) that acts as a coenzyme. The conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA is an coupled oxidation-reduction reaction in which high energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and end up in NADH. The three carbon pyruvate is split int ...
Metabolism Fact Sheet - Barth Syndrome Foundation
... production. Summarizing: a gene named TAZ encodes a protein called tafazzin that probably functions as an enzyme to help make mature cardiolipin. Cardiolipin is made first with one kind of fatty acids attached to it which are mostly saturated, then the original fatty acids are removed and other fatt ...
... production. Summarizing: a gene named TAZ encodes a protein called tafazzin that probably functions as an enzyme to help make mature cardiolipin. Cardiolipin is made first with one kind of fatty acids attached to it which are mostly saturated, then the original fatty acids are removed and other fatt ...
III. The History of Glycolysis: An Example of a Linear Metabolic
... made. Thus if the metabolic process requires the participation of well-integrated reactions the metabolic activity has the best chance of surviving in a slice. The slice is made as thin as possible to facilitate the diffusion of nutrients from the incubation buffer to the cells of the tissue Homogen ...
... made. Thus if the metabolic process requires the participation of well-integrated reactions the metabolic activity has the best chance of surviving in a slice. The slice is made as thin as possible to facilitate the diffusion of nutrients from the incubation buffer to the cells of the tissue Homogen ...
Unit 1 Practice Test
... (A) They both result in a net production of ATP and NADH. (B) They both require a net input of ATP. (C) They both result in a release of oxygen. (D) They both take place within the cytoplasmic matrix. (E) They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix. 21. The bonding of tw ...
... (A) They both result in a net production of ATP and NADH. (B) They both require a net input of ATP. (C) They both result in a release of oxygen. (D) They both take place within the cytoplasmic matrix. (E) They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix. 21. The bonding of tw ...
Chemistry part 2
... amino acid sequence • Determined by the sequence of amino acids • Amino acids linked by peptide bonds • Chain is called polypeptide • Sequence proceeds from “Nterminus” to “C-terminus” • Amino acid sequence determined by DNA code ...
... amino acid sequence • Determined by the sequence of amino acids • Amino acids linked by peptide bonds • Chain is called polypeptide • Sequence proceeds from “Nterminus” to “C-terminus” • Amino acid sequence determined by DNA code ...
Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
... C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + energy • The same equation applies to the metabolism of glucose by cells, but the reaction is accomplished in many separate steps so that the energy can be captured as ATP with minimal loss as heat. ...
... C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + energy • The same equation applies to the metabolism of glucose by cells, but the reaction is accomplished in many separate steps so that the energy can be captured as ATP with minimal loss as heat. ...
PowerPoint Rubric: Biochemistry worksheet
... remove cholesterol from arteries and return it to the liver. ...
... remove cholesterol from arteries and return it to the liver. ...
Chapter 12: Bioenergetics
... common C2 and C4 molecules These C2/C4 molecules enter the center of the mitochondria where they are “processed” by the citric acid pathway The citric acid pathway gives H+ and e- which are used to generate NADH and FADH2 These are e-, H+, and energy carrier molecules These are used by proteins on t ...
... common C2 and C4 molecules These C2/C4 molecules enter the center of the mitochondria where they are “processed” by the citric acid pathway The citric acid pathway gives H+ and e- which are used to generate NADH and FADH2 These are e-, H+, and energy carrier molecules These are used by proteins on t ...
(a) First law of thermodynamics
... H. The Respiratory Chain: Electrons, Proton Pumping, and ATP • NADH + H+ and FADH2 from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are oxidized by the respiratory chain, regenerating NAD+ and FAD. • Most of the enzymes and other electron carriers of the chain are part of the ...
... H. The Respiratory Chain: Electrons, Proton Pumping, and ATP • NADH + H+ and FADH2 from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are oxidized by the respiratory chain, regenerating NAD+ and FAD. • Most of the enzymes and other electron carriers of the chain are part of the ...
IB104 - Lecture 7 - Molecules of life
... chains, e.g. 20 carbons, with a carboxyl or acid group (HOC=O) on the end (acid because they easily release a H+ ion in solution in water). Linoleic acid is one example. These are the monomeric building blocks that are put together in various ways. ...
... chains, e.g. 20 carbons, with a carboxyl or acid group (HOC=O) on the end (acid because they easily release a H+ ion in solution in water). Linoleic acid is one example. These are the monomeric building blocks that are put together in various ways. ...
Fermentation Fermentation is an ancient mode of metabolism, and it
... and acetyl phosphate. As a fermentation pathway, it is employed mainly by the heterolactic acid bacteria, which include some species of Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc. In this pathway, glucose-phosphate is oxidized to 6-phosphogluconic acid, which becomes oxidized and decarboxylated to form pentose p ...
... and acetyl phosphate. As a fermentation pathway, it is employed mainly by the heterolactic acid bacteria, which include some species of Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc. In this pathway, glucose-phosphate is oxidized to 6-phosphogluconic acid, which becomes oxidized and decarboxylated to form pentose p ...
Chapt 6
... The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO2 ar ...
... The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO2 ar ...
Respirometer & Anaerobic Respiration
... ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (YEAST) A form of anaerobic respiration. Pyruvate is converted to ethanal and CO2 Ethanal is further reduced to ethanol and the NADH produced in glycolysis is oxidised back to NAD+ to go another round in glycolysis. This replenishes the NAD+ stores (which is limited) ...
... ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (YEAST) A form of anaerobic respiration. Pyruvate is converted to ethanal and CO2 Ethanal is further reduced to ethanol and the NADH produced in glycolysis is oxidised back to NAD+ to go another round in glycolysis. This replenishes the NAD+ stores (which is limited) ...
Muscle Tissue C1
... • Occurs when O2 delivery cannot keep up with O2 use • As contractile activity increases, O2 consumption may increase above O2 delivery capability, so anaerobic metabolism begins • Pyruvic acid lactic acid when not enough O2 • Lactic acid (lactate) • Makes muscle cells acidic, less efficient • Dif ...
... • Occurs when O2 delivery cannot keep up with O2 use • As contractile activity increases, O2 consumption may increase above O2 delivery capability, so anaerobic metabolism begins • Pyruvic acid lactic acid when not enough O2 • Lactic acid (lactate) • Makes muscle cells acidic, less efficient • Dif ...
Biochemistry - El Camino College
... cells, digested to __________ in our bodies 3. ___________ - main component of plant cell walls; also known as _________; we can’t digest this because the covalent bonds between the glucose molecule are slightly different than those in starch and glycogen 4. Most carbohydrates are broken down to ___ ...
... cells, digested to __________ in our bodies 3. ___________ - main component of plant cell walls; also known as _________; we can’t digest this because the covalent bonds between the glucose molecule are slightly different than those in starch and glycogen 4. Most carbohydrates are broken down to ___ ...
Metabolism: the chemical reactions of a cell
... Oxidation state of carbon in methane (CH4): Not charged, so numbers add up to 0. So if all the H = 4 x 1 = +4, then C must be -4. For CO2, 2 x -2 = -4; no net charge, then C must be = +4. Observe the origin of the term “reduced”: If carbon dioxide is ‘reduced” to methane (carbon accepts electrons), ...
... Oxidation state of carbon in methane (CH4): Not charged, so numbers add up to 0. So if all the H = 4 x 1 = +4, then C must be -4. For CO2, 2 x -2 = -4; no net charge, then C must be = +4. Observe the origin of the term “reduced”: If carbon dioxide is ‘reduced” to methane (carbon accepts electrons), ...
File - Down the Rabbit Hole
... Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
electron transport
... Oxidative Phosphorylation? How many ATP made per electron pair through the chain? • e- transport chain yields 10 H+ pumped out per electron pair from NADH to oxygen • 4 H+ flow back into matrix per ATP to cytosol • 10/4 = 2.5 for electrons entering as NADH • For electrons entering as succinate (FADH ...
... Oxidative Phosphorylation? How many ATP made per electron pair through the chain? • e- transport chain yields 10 H+ pumped out per electron pair from NADH to oxygen • 4 H+ flow back into matrix per ATP to cytosol • 10/4 = 2.5 for electrons entering as NADH • For electrons entering as succinate (FADH ...
3 – Efficiency of Cellular Respiration
... table (not a pretty diagram) that summarizes the key tallies for each major part of cellular respiration. You may follow the suggested table format on the next page, or make your own comprehensive summary table. Use the glycerol-phosphate shuttle model for your tallies to approximate some of the ine ...
... table (not a pretty diagram) that summarizes the key tallies for each major part of cellular respiration. You may follow the suggested table format on the next page, or make your own comprehensive summary table. Use the glycerol-phosphate shuttle model for your tallies to approximate some of the ine ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.