Lecture 27
... When aa breakdown rates increase, excess nitrogen must be excreted. This results in increase in Glu through transamination reactions. Excess Glu causes an increase in N-acetylglutamate which stimulates CPS I causing increases in urea cycle. ...
... When aa breakdown rates increase, excess nitrogen must be excreted. This results in increase in Glu through transamination reactions. Excess Glu causes an increase in N-acetylglutamate which stimulates CPS I causing increases in urea cycle. ...
Biology 231
... activation energy is required – 2 ATP used net gain (per glucose) 2 ATP 2 NAD+ coenzymes form 2 NADH anaerobic respiration (no O2 present) pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid aerobic respiration (O2 is present) pyruvate enters mitochondria where the the following processes break it down further u ...
... activation energy is required – 2 ATP used net gain (per glucose) 2 ATP 2 NAD+ coenzymes form 2 NADH anaerobic respiration (no O2 present) pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid aerobic respiration (O2 is present) pyruvate enters mitochondria where the the following processes break it down further u ...
Animal Energetics II PPT
... ◦ TCA / Krebs Cycle (aerobic) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix followed by oxidation by the electron transport system (ETS) in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ...
... ◦ TCA / Krebs Cycle (aerobic) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix followed by oxidation by the electron transport system (ETS) in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ...
Nucleic acids
... Macromolecules are large molecules that are made by joining smaller molecules together. Another name for macromolecules is polymers. Polymers are formed by the joining together of smaller monomers that are identical or similar repeating units of the same molecule. The four main types of biological m ...
... Macromolecules are large molecules that are made by joining smaller molecules together. Another name for macromolecules is polymers. Polymers are formed by the joining together of smaller monomers that are identical or similar repeating units of the same molecule. The four main types of biological m ...
Sample Exam #1 ( file)
... Which of the following is NOT correct about amino acids? A. Amino acids contain asymmetric carbon atoms. B. Amino acids contain an amino group and a carboxyl group fastened to an asymmetric carbon. C. Amino acids can make peptide bonds. D. There are over 30 kinds of individual amino acids found in t ...
... Which of the following is NOT correct about amino acids? A. Amino acids contain asymmetric carbon atoms. B. Amino acids contain an amino group and a carboxyl group fastened to an asymmetric carbon. C. Amino acids can make peptide bonds. D. There are over 30 kinds of individual amino acids found in t ...
Oxidation of Carbohydrate
... Oxidation of Carbohydrate: Glycolysis Revisited • Glycolysis can occur with or without O2 – ATP yield same as anaerobic glycolysis – Same general steps as anaerobic glycolysis but, in the presence of oxygen, – Pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA, enters Krebs cycle ...
... Oxidation of Carbohydrate: Glycolysis Revisited • Glycolysis can occur with or without O2 – ATP yield same as anaerobic glycolysis – Same general steps as anaerobic glycolysis but, in the presence of oxygen, – Pyruvic acid acetyl-CoA, enters Krebs cycle ...
Kate Buckman Modified session plan: Fermentation: one part in a
... organisms. The breakdown of the sugars to provide energy happens through similar processes in both plants and animals. Initially, through digestion, large molecules are broken down into monomers such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids or glycerol. The sugars undergo glycolysis. The net result of th ...
... organisms. The breakdown of the sugars to provide energy happens through similar processes in both plants and animals. Initially, through digestion, large molecules are broken down into monomers such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids or glycerol. The sugars undergo glycolysis. The net result of th ...
The Cell Cycle
... • Cdk1 cytoplasmic , cyclinB1 shuttles, Cdk1-cycB1 shuttles • At end of G2 P’tion of CycB1nuclear export signal when complexed to Cdk1 – CycB1 carries Cdk1 into nucleus – Cdk1-cycB1 then trapped within nucleus – Activated by deP’tion of T14 & Y15 by Cdc25 ...
... • Cdk1 cytoplasmic , cyclinB1 shuttles, Cdk1-cycB1 shuttles • At end of G2 P’tion of CycB1nuclear export signal when complexed to Cdk1 – CycB1 carries Cdk1 into nucleus – Cdk1-cycB1 then trapped within nucleus – Activated by deP’tion of T14 & Y15 by Cdc25 ...
Lecture 29
... Nucleophile attack on an acyl carbonyl to form a tetrahedral intermediate Peptide bond hydrolysis Phosphoryl group transfer nucleophile attack on a phosphate to yield a trigonal bipyramid intermediate Kinase reactions involving transfer of phosphate from ATP to organic alcohols Glycosyl group transf ...
... Nucleophile attack on an acyl carbonyl to form a tetrahedral intermediate Peptide bond hydrolysis Phosphoryl group transfer nucleophile attack on a phosphate to yield a trigonal bipyramid intermediate Kinase reactions involving transfer of phosphate from ATP to organic alcohols Glycosyl group transf ...
CHAPTER 6
... NADH or FADH2, are passed through a chain of proteins and coenzymes, finally reaching O2, the terminal electron acceptor – and to drive the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane ...
... NADH or FADH2, are passed through a chain of proteins and coenzymes, finally reaching O2, the terminal electron acceptor – and to drive the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane ...
(1) Peter Mitchell and the Chemiosmotic Theory
... student had measured the proton changes due to electron transport in chloroplasts. In order to make sure this wasn’t a coincidence, they set up and experiment where an imbalance of protons was artificially created in order to view the possible effects. • First they incubated chloroplasts in acid bat ...
... student had measured the proton changes due to electron transport in chloroplasts. In order to make sure this wasn’t a coincidence, they set up and experiment where an imbalance of protons was artificially created in order to view the possible effects. • First they incubated chloroplasts in acid bat ...
Physiology is an Integrated Science
... name = _________ase increase the rate of reaction specific for one reaction – due to their specific shape 3D active site a cell’s functions are based on its “active” enzymes enzymes require optimum temperature enzymes require optimum pH ...
... name = _________ase increase the rate of reaction specific for one reaction – due to their specific shape 3D active site a cell’s functions are based on its “active” enzymes enzymes require optimum temperature enzymes require optimum pH ...
Nucleic acids
... The fourth biological macromolecules are called nucleic acids. Nucleic acids carry and transmit genetic information. The two most common forms of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are made up of smaller monomers of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen called nucleotides. The ...
... The fourth biological macromolecules are called nucleic acids. Nucleic acids carry and transmit genetic information. The two most common forms of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are made up of smaller monomers of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen called nucleotides. The ...
KINE 4010 Mock Midterm #1
... d) None of the above is rate-limiting 6. Which of the following would increase the rate of glycolysis the most? a) Increasing free ADP; the activator of PFK b) Increasing the amount of glucose in the cell c) Increasing the total number of glycolytic enzymes in the cell d) A and B increase the rate o ...
... d) None of the above is rate-limiting 6. Which of the following would increase the rate of glycolysis the most? a) Increasing free ADP; the activator of PFK b) Increasing the amount of glucose in the cell c) Increasing the total number of glycolytic enzymes in the cell d) A and B increase the rate o ...
Grade 12 Review Answers
... 2. Hydrogen bonding occurs between: a) water and water b) water and a polar molecule c) two hydrogen-containing polar molecules d) a polar hydrogen and a polar oxygen e) all of the above 3. A piece of celery is placed in a bowl of cold water. Which of the following best describes what happens to the ...
... 2. Hydrogen bonding occurs between: a) water and water b) water and a polar molecule c) two hydrogen-containing polar molecules d) a polar hydrogen and a polar oxygen e) all of the above 3. A piece of celery is placed in a bowl of cold water. Which of the following best describes what happens to the ...
BS3050 Physiology of Sport and Exercise
... which is rich in energy and indeed is a vital intermediate which can be used by many tissues but not used very efficiently by skeletal muscle in the short term. The lactate concentration in the blood is sometimes used as a marker to measure muscle function but it is a very indirect and inaccurate wa ...
... which is rich in energy and indeed is a vital intermediate which can be used by many tissues but not used very efficiently by skeletal muscle in the short term. The lactate concentration in the blood is sometimes used as a marker to measure muscle function but it is a very indirect and inaccurate wa ...
macromolecule packet
... Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms The most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight. All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds ar ...
... Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms The most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight. All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds ar ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.