Bile-Acid Sequestrants: Glucose-Lowering Mechanisms - HAL
... Even though no difference was found in the size of the total bile acid pool, the contribution of specific bile acid species to the pool was altered in T2D. Thus, the pool of the secondary bile acid DCA was elevated as was the DCA input rate, whereas the CDCA pool decreased [8]. The CA pool was unch ...
... Even though no difference was found in the size of the total bile acid pool, the contribution of specific bile acid species to the pool was altered in T2D. Thus, the pool of the secondary bile acid DCA was elevated as was the DCA input rate, whereas the CDCA pool decreased [8]. The CA pool was unch ...
Transamination and asymmetry in glutamate transport across the
... maintain a relatively low plasma concentration of the potentially toxic amino acid glutamate (the concentration of glutamate in the plasma of Rana c a t e s b e i a n a is about 90 pM; Boyd, 1976), while the high intraceilular level of glutamate will favour transamination to alanine. Since the basol ...
... maintain a relatively low plasma concentration of the potentially toxic amino acid glutamate (the concentration of glutamate in the plasma of Rana c a t e s b e i a n a is about 90 pM; Boyd, 1976), while the high intraceilular level of glutamate will favour transamination to alanine. Since the basol ...
Product Data Sheet Your assurance of quality®
... Athlete’s Choice Pro Elite combines the world’s finest sources of creatine including, CreaPure®, Creatine MagnaPower®, and Creatine Pyruvate. Pro Elite also provides powerful supportive benefits of Peak ATP®, Ribose, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Taurine, Cinnamon Extract, Biotin and Vitamin C. The synergistic ...
... Athlete’s Choice Pro Elite combines the world’s finest sources of creatine including, CreaPure®, Creatine MagnaPower®, and Creatine Pyruvate. Pro Elite also provides powerful supportive benefits of Peak ATP®, Ribose, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Taurine, Cinnamon Extract, Biotin and Vitamin C. The synergistic ...
Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo
... in units of mass, the rate of fat oxidation is underestimated by approximately one-tenth the rate at which glucose is being synthesized. Other Metabolic Processes ...
... in units of mass, the rate of fat oxidation is underestimated by approximately one-tenth the rate at which glucose is being synthesized. Other Metabolic Processes ...
AP Biology Exam
... c. Anabolic enzyme d. Reverse transcriptase e. None of the above 31. Which ribosomal subunit promotes the binding of amino acids? a. 40S b. 60S c. 70S d. 90S e. None of the above 32. What is the developmental difference between B-cell and T-cell lymphocytes? a. B-cells mature in the thymus, whereas ...
... c. Anabolic enzyme d. Reverse transcriptase e. None of the above 31. Which ribosomal subunit promotes the binding of amino acids? a. 40S b. 60S c. 70S d. 90S e. None of the above 32. What is the developmental difference between B-cell and T-cell lymphocytes? a. B-cells mature in the thymus, whereas ...
Interspecific and intraspecific composition and variation of free
... to the volume of the cell (except for Dunaliella tertiolecta). The amount of DFAA tended to decrease from the active to the reduced phase of growth. In order, Cryptrophyceae, Dinophyceae (except Scnppsiella trochoidea), Haptophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae contained decreasing amounts o ...
... to the volume of the cell (except for Dunaliella tertiolecta). The amount of DFAA tended to decrease from the active to the reduced phase of growth. In order, Cryptrophyceae, Dinophyceae (except Scnppsiella trochoidea), Haptophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae contained decreasing amounts o ...
Biologically Active Oxylipins from Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic
... and cymatherols [18,22,23,52]. Although extensive detail about oxylipin occurrence in microalgae is beyond this review, some important features of oxylipin metabolism in these unicellular organisms cannot be discarded. A characteristic difference from macroalgae is the complete absence of C18 PUFA-d ...
... and cymatherols [18,22,23,52]. Although extensive detail about oxylipin occurrence in microalgae is beyond this review, some important features of oxylipin metabolism in these unicellular organisms cannot be discarded. A characteristic difference from macroalgae is the complete absence of C18 PUFA-d ...
Metabolic profiling indicates impaired pyruvate dehydrogenase
... clearance. Lactate is made from pyruvate, mostly arising from glucose catabolism via the glycolytic pathway or from breakdown of certain amino acids. Under normal aerobic conditions, pyruvate is transported into mitochondria, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) co ...
... clearance. Lactate is made from pyruvate, mostly arising from glucose catabolism via the glycolytic pathway or from breakdown of certain amino acids. Under normal aerobic conditions, pyruvate is transported into mitochondria, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) co ...
fulltext
... structures, biologically functional units. The structures formed by the amino acid residues are many; the most common motifs are the α-helix and the β-sheet which are usually depicted in threedimensional structures, shown in figure 1. When folded, the protein molecule can form a globular structure w ...
... structures, biologically functional units. The structures formed by the amino acid residues are many; the most common motifs are the α-helix and the β-sheet which are usually depicted in threedimensional structures, shown in figure 1. When folded, the protein molecule can form a globular structure w ...
Amino Acid δ13C Analysis Shows Flexibility in the Routing of
... isotope (d13C) values that are lower by approximately 3–8ø than associated proteins and (2) amino acids in consumers’ proteinaceous tissues are assumed to be completely routed from dietary protein. In contrast, models of stable-isotope mixing assume that dietary macromolecules are broken into their ...
... isotope (d13C) values that are lower by approximately 3–8ø than associated proteins and (2) amino acids in consumers’ proteinaceous tissues are assumed to be completely routed from dietary protein. In contrast, models of stable-isotope mixing assume that dietary macromolecules are broken into their ...
LipidMetabolism
... release of PPi (see previous reactions) This can react with serine or inositol to form the relevant phospholipids; see fig. 16.10. This route to phosphatidylserine is found only in bacteria Lipid Metabolism ...
... release of PPi (see previous reactions) This can react with serine or inositol to form the relevant phospholipids; see fig. 16.10. This route to phosphatidylserine is found only in bacteria Lipid Metabolism ...
Does Lactic Acid Cause Muscular Fatigue?
... absorbed from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria of muscle fibers in order to continue being metabolized. Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures found in the cytoplasm of cells (see figure 4). They have been likened to little chemical factories in the muscles where aerobic metabolism takes place be ...
... absorbed from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria of muscle fibers in order to continue being metabolized. Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures found in the cytoplasm of cells (see figure 4). They have been likened to little chemical factories in the muscles where aerobic metabolism takes place be ...
CHAPTER-8 NCERT SOLUTIONS
... (i) In a neutral medium, OH– ions are produced in the reaction itself. As a result, the cost of adding an acid or a base can be reduced. (ii) KMnO4 and alcohol are homogeneous to each other since both are polar. Toluene and alcohol are also homogeneous to each other because both are organic compound ...
... (i) In a neutral medium, OH– ions are produced in the reaction itself. As a result, the cost of adding an acid or a base can be reduced. (ii) KMnO4 and alcohol are homogeneous to each other since both are polar. Toluene and alcohol are also homogeneous to each other because both are organic compound ...
Translating the basic knowledge of mitochondrial functions to
... followed by the entry of the resulting intermediary metabolites into the Krebs cycle. Although these processes produce high energy compounds, the majority of the ATP in the mitochondria is produced by the OXPHOS pathway. In this pathway, reduced intermediates, produced through glycolysis and the Kre ...
... followed by the entry of the resulting intermediary metabolites into the Krebs cycle. Although these processes produce high energy compounds, the majority of the ATP in the mitochondria is produced by the OXPHOS pathway. In this pathway, reduced intermediates, produced through glycolysis and the Kre ...
metabolic factors in fatigue
... performance during high-intensity exercise that is sometimes observed following dietary creatine supplementation (Casey & Greenhaff, 2000). PCr levels may also be reduced in a large number of muscle fi bers at the point of fatigue during prolonged, submaximal exercise, coinciding with muscle glycoge ...
... performance during high-intensity exercise that is sometimes observed following dietary creatine supplementation (Casey & Greenhaff, 2000). PCr levels may also be reduced in a large number of muscle fi bers at the point of fatigue during prolonged, submaximal exercise, coinciding with muscle glycoge ...
uncorrected page proofs
... Available energy is contained in the bonds between the phosphates and is released when they are broken. Usually only the outer phosphate is removed from ATP to yield energy; when this occurs ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (or ADP) and inorganic phosphate (or Pi — free phosphate molecule). ...
... Available energy is contained in the bonds between the phosphates and is released when they are broken. Usually only the outer phosphate is removed from ATP to yield energy; when this occurs ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (or ADP) and inorganic phosphate (or Pi — free phosphate molecule). ...
Energy systems and interplay of energy systems
... Available energy is contained in the bonds between the phosphates and is released when they are broken. Usually only the outer phosphate is removed from ATP to yield energy; when this occurs ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (or ADP) and inorganic phosphate (or Pi — free phosphate molecule). ...
... Available energy is contained in the bonds between the phosphates and is released when they are broken. Usually only the outer phosphate is removed from ATP to yield energy; when this occurs ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (or ADP) and inorganic phosphate (or Pi — free phosphate molecule). ...
2nd Nine Weeks Notes
... a. A plot of 1/[A] vs. t will produce a straight line with a slope equal to k. b. [A] depends on time and can be used to calculate [A] at any time t, provided k and [A]o are known. 4. Half-Life. * Equation: ...
... a. A plot of 1/[A] vs. t will produce a straight line with a slope equal to k. b. [A] depends on time and can be used to calculate [A] at any time t, provided k and [A]o are known. 4. Half-Life. * Equation: ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... • A catalyst speeds up chemical reactions. Enzymes speed up biological chemical reactions. • Enzymes are highly specific to a type of reaction. • Enzymes must maintain their specific shape in order to function. Any alteration in the primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary forms of the enzyme are ...
... • A catalyst speeds up chemical reactions. Enzymes speed up biological chemical reactions. • Enzymes are highly specific to a type of reaction. • Enzymes must maintain their specific shape in order to function. Any alteration in the primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary forms of the enzyme are ...
Positional cues for the starch/lipid balance in maize kernels and
... kernels stimulated their O2 demand, shifted ATP localization within the kernel, and elevated their ATP/ADP ratio. Enhanced O2 availability also increased steady-state levels of glycolytic intermediates and those of the citric acid cycle, as well as some related pools of free amino acids. Subsequent ...
... kernels stimulated their O2 demand, shifted ATP localization within the kernel, and elevated their ATP/ADP ratio. Enhanced O2 availability also increased steady-state levels of glycolytic intermediates and those of the citric acid cycle, as well as some related pools of free amino acids. Subsequent ...
OCR Gateway Science
... (a) Write down the titres for runs 1 to 5 (b) Suggest why the first run was so much higher than the others. (c) Calculate the average titre using the results for titres 2 to 5. (d) Explain why you would not use universal indicator for this titration. (e) Phenolphthalein indicator was used to find th ...
... (a) Write down the titres for runs 1 to 5 (b) Suggest why the first run was so much higher than the others. (c) Calculate the average titre using the results for titres 2 to 5. (d) Explain why you would not use universal indicator for this titration. (e) Phenolphthalein indicator was used to find th ...
as a PDF
... contraluminal (plasma) glutamine can be taken up by the tubular cell. Peritubular uptake becomes increasingly important in metabolic acidosis (22), explaining why renal glutamine clearance exceeds glomerular filtration under acidotic conditions. The enzymes responsible for renal ammonium formation a ...
... contraluminal (plasma) glutamine can be taken up by the tubular cell. Peritubular uptake becomes increasingly important in metabolic acidosis (22), explaining why renal glutamine clearance exceeds glomerular filtration under acidotic conditions. The enzymes responsible for renal ammonium formation a ...
Interactions between lactic and propionic acid bacteria
... free, acid-hydrolysed casein to control whey resulted in increased growth rates and cell yields of strain KM (fig 4), whereas the addition of 10% resulted in an inhibitory effect on growth rate but a stimulatory effect on cell yield. In addition to propionate and acetate (data not shown), succinate ...
... free, acid-hydrolysed casein to control whey resulted in increased growth rates and cell yields of strain KM (fig 4), whereas the addition of 10% resulted in an inhibitory effect on growth rate but a stimulatory effect on cell yield. In addition to propionate and acetate (data not shown), succinate ...
Increasing Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Flux as a Treatment
... end-systolic diameter and LVd is the LV end-diastolic diameter. Two-dimensional guided pulsed-wave Doppler recordings of LV inflow were obtained from the apical four-chamber view to measure maximal E and late peak velocity (A). The E parameter provides a measure of the peak early diastolic mitral infl ...
... end-systolic diameter and LVd is the LV end-diastolic diameter. Two-dimensional guided pulsed-wave Doppler recordings of LV inflow were obtained from the apical four-chamber view to measure maximal E and late peak velocity (A). The E parameter provides a measure of the peak early diastolic mitral infl ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.