Chapter 8 (Nov 23-24)
... • All of an organisms chemical processes 2. What are the different types of metabolism? • Catabolism – releases energy by breaking down complex molecules • Anabolism – use energy to build up complex molecules • Catabolic rxns – hydrolysis – break bonds • Anabolic rxns – dehydration – form bonds 3. H ...
... • All of an organisms chemical processes 2. What are the different types of metabolism? • Catabolism – releases energy by breaking down complex molecules • Anabolism – use energy to build up complex molecules • Catabolic rxns – hydrolysis – break bonds • Anabolic rxns – dehydration – form bonds 3. H ...
Bioenergetics
... • Recall: If oxygen is present in sufficient quantities, the end product of glycolysis, Pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters the Krebs cycle ...
... • Recall: If oxygen is present in sufficient quantities, the end product of glycolysis, Pyruvate, is not converted to lactate but is transported to the mitochondria, where it is taken up and enters the Krebs cycle ...
5 Lipid and Protein Metabolism
... fatty acid metabolism during fasting or carbohydrate restriction to use as energy instead of glucose • 2 of the 3 are used by the heart and brain and muscle for ATP synthesis – Picked up by cells and used to make acetyl-CoA – In the brain ...
... fatty acid metabolism during fasting or carbohydrate restriction to use as energy instead of glucose • 2 of the 3 are used by the heart and brain and muscle for ATP synthesis – Picked up by cells and used to make acetyl-CoA – In the brain ...
Lecture 22 Urea Cycle, Gluconeogenesis and Glyoxalate
... gluconeogenesis), and thus there might be something like a “competition” between TCA and urea cycles. The urea cycle is largely controlled by substrate availability, NH3 and glutamate being the most important factors. If there is enough glutamate, ...
... gluconeogenesis), and thus there might be something like a “competition” between TCA and urea cycles. The urea cycle is largely controlled by substrate availability, NH3 and glutamate being the most important factors. If there is enough glutamate, ...
Sport`s Nutrition Slides
... a. ATP – Creatine Phosphate -the pathway you use in the first ten seconds of exercise. It is the primary pathway used in short-duration maximal efforts, such as power lifting, kicking a soccer ball, or throwing a shotput. This system uses the very small amount of ATP stored in the body and does not ...
... a. ATP – Creatine Phosphate -the pathway you use in the first ten seconds of exercise. It is the primary pathway used in short-duration maximal efforts, such as power lifting, kicking a soccer ball, or throwing a shotput. This system uses the very small amount of ATP stored in the body and does not ...
Chapter 16 Glycolysis Control of glycolytic pathway
... hexokinase. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into glycogen During exercise (right), the decrease in the ATP/AMP ratio resulting from muscle contraction activates phosphofructokinase and hence glycolysis. The flux down the pathway is increased, as represented by the thick arrows. ...
... hexokinase. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into glycogen During exercise (right), the decrease in the ATP/AMP ratio resulting from muscle contraction activates phosphofructokinase and hence glycolysis. The flux down the pathway is increased, as represented by the thick arrows. ...
Text S1.
... The endpoint of adaptive evolution as characterized above was compared to optimal behavior predicted by performing FBA on our genome-scale model. During the very first simulations, however, we noticed that very high biomass yields could be obtained, with concomitant production of only CO2 and water ...
... The endpoint of adaptive evolution as characterized above was compared to optimal behavior predicted by performing FBA on our genome-scale model. During the very first simulations, however, we noticed that very high biomass yields could be obtained, with concomitant production of only CO2 and water ...
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
... 2. Splitting of this compound into two 3- carbon sugar phosphates, which are interconvertible. Note that this is the origin of the term glycolysis meaning splitting of glucose. 3. Oxidation by dehydrogenation. Each 3-C sugar phosphate is oxidized by removal of hydrogen, making a reduced NAD that is ...
... 2. Splitting of this compound into two 3- carbon sugar phosphates, which are interconvertible. Note that this is the origin of the term glycolysis meaning splitting of glucose. 3. Oxidation by dehydrogenation. Each 3-C sugar phosphate is oxidized by removal of hydrogen, making a reduced NAD that is ...
Pass Back Graded Work!
... many different fruits and vegetables, but is especially concentrated in lemons and limes. Citric acid is used for many different reasons, including (but not limited to): Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric ...
... many different fruits and vegetables, but is especially concentrated in lemons and limes. Citric acid is used for many different reasons, including (but not limited to): Citric acid is used as a flavoring in many preparations of Vitamin C, and has a wide variety of other uses. In industry, citric ...
Carbohydrates
... converted/oxidized into pyruvate • Pyruvate can be further aerobically oxidized • Pyruvate can be used as a precursor in biosynthesis ...
... converted/oxidized into pyruvate • Pyruvate can be further aerobically oxidized • Pyruvate can be used as a precursor in biosynthesis ...
Proceedings of the 5th International plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria conference
... ecosystems are one of the three most productive ecosystems together with rain forests and coral reefs. Yet, mangroves have been alarmingly and systematically deforested, similar to rain forests (16, 20). To aid reforestation, inoculation of the seedlings with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB)(3 ...
... ecosystems are one of the three most productive ecosystems together with rain forests and coral reefs. Yet, mangroves have been alarmingly and systematically deforested, similar to rain forests (16, 20). To aid reforestation, inoculation of the seedlings with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB)(3 ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... • Each acetyl CoA entering the cycle nets: (1) 3 NADH (2) 1 QH2 (3) 1 GTP (or 1 ATP) • Oxidation of each NADH yields 2.5 ATP • Oxidation of each QH2 yields 1.5 ATP • Complete oxidation of 1 acetyl CoA = 10 ATP ...
... • Each acetyl CoA entering the cycle nets: (1) 3 NADH (2) 1 QH2 (3) 1 GTP (or 1 ATP) • Oxidation of each NADH yields 2.5 ATP • Oxidation of each QH2 yields 1.5 ATP • Complete oxidation of 1 acetyl CoA = 10 ATP ...
Document
... electrons carried by NADH and and ultimately delivers them to oxygen. In this oxidation-reduction process, much FADH 2 on the inner membranes of of the chemical energy stored within the hydrogen atoms does not dissipate to the mitochondria. Cytochromes kinetic energy, rather, it becomes conserved in ...
... electrons carried by NADH and and ultimately delivers them to oxygen. In this oxidation-reduction process, much FADH 2 on the inner membranes of of the chemical energy stored within the hydrogen atoms does not dissipate to the mitochondria. Cytochromes kinetic energy, rather, it becomes conserved in ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis and the catabolism of hexoses
... first 5 are preparatory, breaking glucose into 3C units Cost 2 ATP to phosphorylate the sugar in the process last 5 are energy yielding 1 NADH and 2 ATP are formed from each 3C unit thus overall cost is -2ATP +2 NADH + 4 ATP For a net of 2NADH and 2 ATP/1glucose62 pyruvate depending on organism and ...
... first 5 are preparatory, breaking glucose into 3C units Cost 2 ATP to phosphorylate the sugar in the process last 5 are energy yielding 1 NADH and 2 ATP are formed from each 3C unit thus overall cost is -2ATP +2 NADH + 4 ATP For a net of 2NADH and 2 ATP/1glucose62 pyruvate depending on organism and ...
1 - Medical Mastermind Community
... had not eaten for the last two days, due to a mild infection. Blood glucose and ketone body levels were found to be abnormally low, while circulating non-esterified fatty acids were greatly elevated. An abnormality in which one of the following enzymes is most ...
... had not eaten for the last two days, due to a mild infection. Blood glucose and ketone body levels were found to be abnormally low, while circulating non-esterified fatty acids were greatly elevated. An abnormality in which one of the following enzymes is most ...
Stoichiometry
... Mg3N2 (s) + 6 H2O (l) 3 Mg(OH)2 (aq) + 2 NH3 (g) • How many moles of Mg(OH)2 would be produced from the reaction of 0.10 mole of Mg3N2? • How many moles of NH3 would be produced from the reaction of 500. g of Mg3N2? • How many molecules of water would be required to react with 3.64 g of Mg3N2? • ...
... Mg3N2 (s) + 6 H2O (l) 3 Mg(OH)2 (aq) + 2 NH3 (g) • How many moles of Mg(OH)2 would be produced from the reaction of 0.10 mole of Mg3N2? • How many moles of NH3 would be produced from the reaction of 500. g of Mg3N2? • How many molecules of water would be required to react with 3.64 g of Mg3N2? • ...
Chem*4570 Applied Biochemistry Lecture 7 Overproduction of lysine
... 1) Aspartate kinase is insensitive to lysine 2) DHP synthase is insensitive to lysine 3) Homoserine dehydrogenase is either absent or supersensitive to threonine 1) and 2) allow for overproduction of lysine because lysine accumulation does not down-regulate synthesis of aspartyl phosphate or dihydro ...
... 1) Aspartate kinase is insensitive to lysine 2) DHP synthase is insensitive to lysine 3) Homoserine dehydrogenase is either absent or supersensitive to threonine 1) and 2) allow for overproduction of lysine because lysine accumulation does not down-regulate synthesis of aspartyl phosphate or dihydro ...
1. A Draw the structure of glucose using either a ring or straight
... C. Ferredoxin (Fd) is an iron containing protein present in the photosynthetic apparatus; during photosynthesis the iron undergoes a 1-electron redox reaction with an Eo' = -0.42v. Similarly cytochrome b5 is an iron-protein present in the microsomes with an Eo' = 0.0 v. For the reaction at pH = 7 ...
... C. Ferredoxin (Fd) is an iron containing protein present in the photosynthetic apparatus; during photosynthesis the iron undergoes a 1-electron redox reaction with an Eo' = -0.42v. Similarly cytochrome b5 is an iron-protein present in the microsomes with an Eo' = 0.0 v. For the reaction at pH = 7 ...
Glycogen Metabolism, Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation
... • Think about it like stuffing water into a balloon. The balloon stretches and pressure builds: if you let the water out slowly, one spurt at a time, it will be high-pressure and could be used to move an object ...
... • Think about it like stuffing water into a balloon. The balloon stretches and pressure builds: if you let the water out slowly, one spurt at a time, it will be high-pressure and could be used to move an object ...
The Role of Soil Bacteria
... bacteria are generally widely available in most soil types (both symbiotic and free living species), however they generally only comprise a very small percentage of the total microbial population and are often bacteria strains with low nitrogen fixing ability. Sulfur and many other nutrients are tra ...
... bacteria are generally widely available in most soil types (both symbiotic and free living species), however they generally only comprise a very small percentage of the total microbial population and are often bacteria strains with low nitrogen fixing ability. Sulfur and many other nutrients are tra ...
anmol publications pvt. ltd.
... pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid) (e.g. in humans) or to ethanol plus carbon dioxide (e.g. in yeast). Other monosaccharides like galactose and fructose can be converted into intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Aerobic In aerobic cells with sufficient oxygen, like most human cells, the pyruvate ...
... pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid) (e.g. in humans) or to ethanol plus carbon dioxide (e.g. in yeast). Other monosaccharides like galactose and fructose can be converted into intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Aerobic In aerobic cells with sufficient oxygen, like most human cells, the pyruvate ...
video slide
... produce ATP without the use of oxygen A. Cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP B. Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) C. In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation to produce ATP D. Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reac ...
... produce ATP without the use of oxygen A. Cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP B. Glycolysis can produce ATP with or without O2 (in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) C. In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation to produce ATP D. Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reac ...
2–3 Carbon Compounds
... Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds. Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon (C) and other elements (H, ...
... Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds. Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon (C) and other elements (H, ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)