Anatomy and Physiology, 5/e Chapter 27: Nutrition and Metabolism
... distinctions to be made before moving into the heart of the digestive system physiology. Metabolism can be further broken down into two major processes, catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks food molecules into smaller compounds to release energy from them, while anabolism does the opposite, b ...
... distinctions to be made before moving into the heart of the digestive system physiology. Metabolism can be further broken down into two major processes, catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks food molecules into smaller compounds to release energy from them, while anabolism does the opposite, b ...
Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production
... greenhouse gasses (GHGs), including CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), have been linked to global climate and environmental changes1,2, such as rising sea levels, weakening of thermohaline circulation and eradication of coral reef. The global CO2 release from fossil fuel usage is now approx ...
... greenhouse gasses (GHGs), including CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), have been linked to global climate and environmental changes1,2, such as rising sea levels, weakening of thermohaline circulation and eradication of coral reef. The global CO2 release from fossil fuel usage is now approx ...
ExamView Pro Test Builder - CIBIE2-062
... c. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions. ____ 36. Heterotrophs obtain their energy and carbon from a. the sun and atmosphere directly. b. chemical compounds formed by autotrophs. c. inorganic sources. ____ 37. The original source for the energy stored in food is a. the sun. b. var ...
... c. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions. ____ 36. Heterotrophs obtain their energy and carbon from a. the sun and atmosphere directly. b. chemical compounds formed by autotrophs. c. inorganic sources. ____ 37. The original source for the energy stored in food is a. the sun. b. var ...
Lecture 27
... Pyrimidines are simpler to synthesize than purines. N1, C4, C5, C6 are from Asp. C2 from bicarbonate N3 from Gln ...
... Pyrimidines are simpler to synthesize than purines. N1, C4, C5, C6 are from Asp. C2 from bicarbonate N3 from Gln ...
Unit 6 Chemical Equations and Reactions Balancing Equations
... Balance the following chemical equations using coefficients 1 1Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl (aq) → 1AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2O (l) 2. 3Fe2O3 (s) + 1CO (g) → 2Fe3O4(s) + 1CO2 (g) 3. 4FeO (s) + 1O2 (g) → 2Fe2O3 (s) 4. 2C6H6 (l) + 15O2 (g) → 12CO2 (g) + 6H2O (g) 5. 3Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2H3PO4 (aq) → 6H2O (l) + 1Ca3(PO4)2 (s) 6 ...
... Balance the following chemical equations using coefficients 1 1Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl (aq) → 1AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2O (l) 2. 3Fe2O3 (s) + 1CO (g) → 2Fe3O4(s) + 1CO2 (g) 3. 4FeO (s) + 1O2 (g) → 2Fe2O3 (s) 4. 2C6H6 (l) + 15O2 (g) → 12CO2 (g) + 6H2O (g) 5. 3Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2H3PO4 (aq) → 6H2O (l) + 1Ca3(PO4)2 (s) 6 ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate → → → 2 Lactate (sent to
... depending on shuttle) in the mitochondria which enters the electron transport system. → Under anaerobic conditions, the electron transport system no longer functions; therefore, the pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis is reduced to lactate and NADH is oxidized back to NAD+. ...
... depending on shuttle) in the mitochondria which enters the electron transport system. → Under anaerobic conditions, the electron transport system no longer functions; therefore, the pyruvate produced at the end of glycolysis is reduced to lactate and NADH is oxidized back to NAD+. ...
Coenzymes and cofactors Vitamins and minerals
... Some enzymes need assistance so that the catalytic process goes smoothly. Molecules, which can provide this assistance, are either cofactors or coenzymes. Function of coenzymes Coenzymes are organic carrier molecules. They are non-protein components of an enzyme that are required for the catalytic p ...
... Some enzymes need assistance so that the catalytic process goes smoothly. Molecules, which can provide this assistance, are either cofactors or coenzymes. Function of coenzymes Coenzymes are organic carrier molecules. They are non-protein components of an enzyme that are required for the catalytic p ...
Indole Test - Farmasi Unand
... formed during the normal respiration of organisms that use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Obligate anaerobes from some oxygen free radicals that are toxic to the cell. Hence, if bacteria wants to grow in oxygen environment, enzymes like catalase and superoxidase dismutase must be present f ...
... formed during the normal respiration of organisms that use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Obligate anaerobes from some oxygen free radicals that are toxic to the cell. Hence, if bacteria wants to grow in oxygen environment, enzymes like catalase and superoxidase dismutase must be present f ...
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Entry of Pyruvate into
... carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylCoA • In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final stage of catabolism when acetyl CoA is completely oxidized to CO2. • Also called Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. • It is a central integrative pathway that harvests chemical ...
... carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylCoA • In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final stage of catabolism when acetyl CoA is completely oxidized to CO2. • Also called Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. • It is a central integrative pathway that harvests chemical ...
Year 9 Biology Learning Cycle 2 Overview
... Line of enquiry two: What can the human body do? Intentions for learning from AQA: Organisational hierarchy: ...
... Line of enquiry two: What can the human body do? Intentions for learning from AQA: Organisational hierarchy: ...
Fate of pyruvate
... Acetyl CoA is the end product for oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins Acetyl CoA condenses with oxalacetate to form citrate (first reaction of the cycle) 3 NADH are produced = 3 X 3 = 9 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) One FADH2 is produced = 1 X 2 = 2 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) ...
... Acetyl CoA is the end product for oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins Acetyl CoA condenses with oxalacetate to form citrate (first reaction of the cycle) 3 NADH are produced = 3 X 3 = 9 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) One FADH2 is produced = 1 X 2 = 2 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) ...
Week 7 - Acid-base, redox
... Cu(s) was oxidized because its oxidation number increased (or it lost electrons). Ag+ was reduced because its oxidation number decreased (or it gained electrons). When we use the term agent, such as oxidizing agent or reducing agent, it means the effect one chemical has on the other. As a result, co ...
... Cu(s) was oxidized because its oxidation number increased (or it lost electrons). Ag+ was reduced because its oxidation number decreased (or it gained electrons). When we use the term agent, such as oxidizing agent or reducing agent, it means the effect one chemical has on the other. As a result, co ...
Chapter 6
... that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work. – In the mitochondrion, chemiosmosis generates ATP. – Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts also generates ATP, but light drives the electron flow down an electron transport chain and H+ gradient formation. – Prok ...
... that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work. – In the mitochondrion, chemiosmosis generates ATP. – Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts also generates ATP, but light drives the electron flow down an electron transport chain and H+ gradient formation. – Prok ...
23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle
... 23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that connects the intermediate acetyl CoA from the catabolic pathways in stage 2 with electron transport and the synthesis of ATP in stage 3. Learning Goal Describe the oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle. Genera ...
... 23.1 The Citric Acid Cycle The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that connects the intermediate acetyl CoA from the catabolic pathways in stage 2 with electron transport and the synthesis of ATP in stage 3. Learning Goal Describe the oxidation of acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle. Genera ...
Cells and Molecules of Life
... B. Match descriptions on the right to the words on the left 1. carbohydrates ...
... B. Match descriptions on the right to the words on the left 1. carbohydrates ...
Bacterial-Invertebrate Interactions in Uptake of Dissolved Organic
... bacteria are especially adapted to the low Significantly higher concentrations of gluconcentrations of dissolved organic matter cose in afternoon samples than in those encountered in most natural habitats in collected in the morning and the finding possessing higher affinity uptake systems that a re ...
... bacteria are especially adapted to the low Significantly higher concentrations of gluconcentrations of dissolved organic matter cose in afternoon samples than in those encountered in most natural habitats in collected in the morning and the finding possessing higher affinity uptake systems that a re ...
Chapter 9
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduce ...
... • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduce ...
Plankton, Nekton
... • Net primary productivity is the amount of carbon dioxide produced via photosynthesis minus the amount of carbon dioxide released by respiration • Compensation depth refers to the depth in the water column at which the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration – Above this depth, phytop ...
... • Net primary productivity is the amount of carbon dioxide produced via photosynthesis minus the amount of carbon dioxide released by respiration • Compensation depth refers to the depth in the water column at which the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration – Above this depth, phytop ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)