Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA), Krebs Cycle
... Transport of reducing equivalents from cytosol into mitochondria using: The inner mitochondrial membrane lacks an NADH transport proteins, NADH produced in cytosol cannot directly penetrate into mitochondria. However two electron of NADH ( called reducing equivalents) are transported by using shuttl ...
... Transport of reducing equivalents from cytosol into mitochondria using: The inner mitochondrial membrane lacks an NADH transport proteins, NADH produced in cytosol cannot directly penetrate into mitochondria. However two electron of NADH ( called reducing equivalents) are transported by using shuttl ...
A2 Physiology Revision Exam Questions
... explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic Glycolysis – glucose broken down/pyruvic acid/pyruva ...
... explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic Glycolysis – glucose broken down/pyruvic acid/pyruva ...
REDOX ZONATION IN THE PHANEROZOIC ANOXIC OCEAN Part I
... Ammonia from plankton also would be oxidized during denitrification. At lower pe, any remaining nitrate would be reduced to nitrite. This nitrate initially would be used in further denitrification. At slightly lower ...
... Ammonia from plankton also would be oxidized during denitrification. At lower pe, any remaining nitrate would be reduced to nitrite. This nitrate initially would be used in further denitrification. At slightly lower ...
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types
... supplied throughout the body. The chemical reactions will either require energy or release energy, the body’s metabolism may be thought of as a balancing act. ANABOLIC – reactions that require energy to synthesize moleucles CATABOLIC – reactions that release energy as they involve the breakdown of m ...
... supplied throughout the body. The chemical reactions will either require energy or release energy, the body’s metabolism may be thought of as a balancing act. ANABOLIC – reactions that require energy to synthesize moleucles CATABOLIC – reactions that release energy as they involve the breakdown of m ...
Unit 1 Chemistry Study Guide
... In terms of energy how are photosynthesis & cellular respiration related? In what 2 membranes in plant cells is ATP synthetase found? Is oxygen released in the light or dark reactions of photosynthesis? Does photophosphorylation occur in Photosystem II? In which photosystem is water split? Which pro ...
... In terms of energy how are photosynthesis & cellular respiration related? In what 2 membranes in plant cells is ATP synthetase found? Is oxygen released in the light or dark reactions of photosynthesis? Does photophosphorylation occur in Photosystem II? In which photosystem is water split? Which pro ...
PDF Fulltext
... (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species(RNS) are generated by our body by different endogenous systems, exposure to various physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is needful for proper physiological actio action. If free radicals overwhelm the ...
... (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species(RNS) are generated by our body by different endogenous systems, exposure to various physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is needful for proper physiological actio action. If free radicals overwhelm the ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
... ENTNER-DUDOROFF PATHWAY • The Entner-Doudoroff pathway yields one ATP and two NADPH molecules from one glucose molecule. • Uses 4 enzymes that are different from EMP 1 Glucose 2 pyruvate + 1 ATP + 1 NADH + 1 NADPH Bacteria: Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Agrobacterium, Enterococcus faecalis ...
... ENTNER-DUDOROFF PATHWAY • The Entner-Doudoroff pathway yields one ATP and two NADPH molecules from one glucose molecule. • Uses 4 enzymes that are different from EMP 1 Glucose 2 pyruvate + 1 ATP + 1 NADH + 1 NADPH Bacteria: Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Agrobacterium, Enterococcus faecalis ...
Enzymes, ATP and Bioenergetics
... Though ATP is the most common form of nucleoside triphosphate, it is not the only one. Nucleotides containing the bases guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil can also take on extra phosphate groups to form high-energy compounds. Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) may contain either ribose or and are s ...
... Though ATP is the most common form of nucleoside triphosphate, it is not the only one. Nucleotides containing the bases guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil can also take on extra phosphate groups to form high-energy compounds. Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) may contain either ribose or and are s ...
Lipid Metabolism Catabolism Overview
... Activation of Acetyl Group • Acetyl CoA carboxylase (analogous to pyruvate carboxylase of gluconeogenesis) • Requires biotin, ATP • A regulation step—shifts fuel away from CAC ...
... Activation of Acetyl Group • Acetyl CoA carboxylase (analogous to pyruvate carboxylase of gluconeogenesis) • Requires biotin, ATP • A regulation step—shifts fuel away from CAC ...
Photosynthesis
... of CO2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound • In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 to the Calvin cycle instead of CO2 Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar ...
... of CO2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound • In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 to the Calvin cycle instead of CO2 Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar ...
Nitrogen Cycle Worksheet - Biology withMrs. Ellsworth
... Nitrogen Cycle Worksheet Introduction: Nitrogen cannot be used directly. Plants and animals need nitrogen to make proteins in animals and chlorophyll in plants. Animals are able to obtain nitrogen through eating plants and animals. Nitrogen goes back into the soil through animal wastes and d ...
... Nitrogen Cycle Worksheet Introduction: Nitrogen cannot be used directly. Plants and animals need nitrogen to make proteins in animals and chlorophyll in plants. Animals are able to obtain nitrogen through eating plants and animals. Nitrogen goes back into the soil through animal wastes and d ...
The Nitrogen Cycle
... Nitrogen fixation is the process in which nitrogen (N2 ) from the atmosphere is converted to ammonia (NH3) and then to ammonium (NH4+) Ammonia is an organic form of nitrogen, so it can not be absorbed by plants Ammonium is created when ammonia combines with a hydrogen ion (H+) Natural or industrial ...
... Nitrogen fixation is the process in which nitrogen (N2 ) from the atmosphere is converted to ammonia (NH3) and then to ammonium (NH4+) Ammonia is an organic form of nitrogen, so it can not be absorbed by plants Ammonium is created when ammonia combines with a hydrogen ion (H+) Natural or industrial ...
GLYCOLYSIS (1).
... • It occurs in the cytosol of all cells. • Its unique features is that it can function aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and electron transport chain. • RBCs have no mitochondria and they rely completely on glucose as their metabolic fuel and metabolize it anaerob ...
... • It occurs in the cytosol of all cells. • Its unique features is that it can function aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and electron transport chain. • RBCs have no mitochondria and they rely completely on glucose as their metabolic fuel and metabolize it anaerob ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... • It occurs in the cytosol of all cells. • Its unique features is that it can function aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and electron transport chain. • RBCs have no mitochondria and they rely completely on glucose as their metabolic fuel and metabolize it anaerob ...
... • It occurs in the cytosol of all cells. • Its unique features is that it can function aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and electron transport chain. • RBCs have no mitochondria and they rely completely on glucose as their metabolic fuel and metabolize it anaerob ...
Student Exploration Sheet: Growing Plants
... 2. Explore: Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS pane to the RESPIRATION pane. Which molecules are reactants in cellular respiration? ______________________________ 3. Observe: Click Next. What happens in the cytoplasm? _____________________________ _________________________________________________ ...
... 2. Explore: Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS pane to the RESPIRATION pane. Which molecules are reactants in cellular respiration? ______________________________ 3. Observe: Click Next. What happens in the cytoplasm? _____________________________ _________________________________________________ ...
Modeling of CHO Metabolism and Krebs Cycle Using Petri
... From the above description of carbohydrate metabolism, we can assert that this process is a dynamic one that changes its state after each operation. Furthermore there are some conditional and optional processes taken place throughout the process of carbohydrate metabolism. For instance if energy is ...
... From the above description of carbohydrate metabolism, we can assert that this process is a dynamic one that changes its state after each operation. Furthermore there are some conditional and optional processes taken place throughout the process of carbohydrate metabolism. For instance if energy is ...
Energy systems.
... Fuel and energy for this comes from CHO, Fats, Proteins and Creatine phosphate. These fuel sources resynthesise the free Phosphate molecule (Pi) back to the ADP to reform ATP. ...
... Fuel and energy for this comes from CHO, Fats, Proteins and Creatine phosphate. These fuel sources resynthesise the free Phosphate molecule (Pi) back to the ADP to reform ATP. ...
Energy systems.
... Fuel and energy for this comes from CHO, Fats, Proteins and Creatine phosphate. These fuel sources resynthesise the free Phosphate molecule (Pi) back to the ADP to reform ATP. ...
... Fuel and energy for this comes from CHO, Fats, Proteins and Creatine phosphate. These fuel sources resynthesise the free Phosphate molecule (Pi) back to the ADP to reform ATP. ...
MS Prokaryotes
... Briefly, in the presence of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water is turned into glucose and oxygen. The glucose is then turned into usable energy. Glucose is like the "food" of the bacteria. An example of photosynthetic bacteria is cyanobacteria, as seen in Figure 8.6 . ...
... Briefly, in the presence of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water is turned into glucose and oxygen. The glucose is then turned into usable energy. Glucose is like the "food" of the bacteria. An example of photosynthetic bacteria is cyanobacteria, as seen in Figure 8.6 . ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)