NADH - Mrs. Yu`s Science Classes
... Cellular Respiration • Cellular Respiration is a cellular process that breaks down nutrient molecules with the concomitant production of ATP • Hmm…sounds like a difficult definition, but the main point of Respiration is: - To generation energy from carbon in the form of ATP - Aerobic respiration ...
... Cellular Respiration • Cellular Respiration is a cellular process that breaks down nutrient molecules with the concomitant production of ATP • Hmm…sounds like a difficult definition, but the main point of Respiration is: - To generation energy from carbon in the form of ATP - Aerobic respiration ...
pyruvate
... negative allosteric effectors on Pdh-a, the non-phosphorylated, active form of Pdh. These effectors (see Figure 13 Lecture ppt) reduce the affinity of the enzyme for pyruvate, thus limiting the flow of carbon through the Pdh complex. In addition, NADH and acetyl-CoA are powerful positive effectors o ...
... negative allosteric effectors on Pdh-a, the non-phosphorylated, active form of Pdh. These effectors (see Figure 13 Lecture ppt) reduce the affinity of the enzyme for pyruvate, thus limiting the flow of carbon through the Pdh complex. In addition, NADH and acetyl-CoA are powerful positive effectors o ...
Energy for Cells
... of carriers that pass electrons from one to the other. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the chain. Consider that the hydrogen atoms attached to NADH and FADH2 consist of an e and an H. The members of the electron transport chain accept only electrons (e) and not hydrogen ions (H). In Figure 7 ...
... of carriers that pass electrons from one to the other. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the chain. Consider that the hydrogen atoms attached to NADH and FADH2 consist of an e and an H. The members of the electron transport chain accept only electrons (e) and not hydrogen ions (H). In Figure 7 ...
Sample Chapters - Pearson Canada
... biosynthesis of low-molecular-weight compounds (intermediates) and energystorage compounds. Not included are nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis from monomeric precursors. The reactions of intermediary metabolism can be thought of as those that do not involve a nucleic acid template because the in ...
... biosynthesis of low-molecular-weight compounds (intermediates) and energystorage compounds. Not included are nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis from monomeric precursors. The reactions of intermediary metabolism can be thought of as those that do not involve a nucleic acid template because the in ...
3 ON THE THERMODYNAMICS OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION
... The values of –fH0(FA) increase with the number of methylene groups (Figure 1) and decrease with each double bond (Figure 2). Measurements of fH0(FA) for saturated FAs were obtained from seven different sources and it is clear that there is good agreement, whether in the liquid or condensed state ...
... The values of –fH0(FA) increase with the number of methylene groups (Figure 1) and decrease with each double bond (Figure 2). Measurements of fH0(FA) for saturated FAs were obtained from seven different sources and it is clear that there is good agreement, whether in the liquid or condensed state ...
Energy 1
... ATP is the only source of energy recognized by the cells Only a small amount of ATP is stored inside the muscle cells ...
... ATP is the only source of energy recognized by the cells Only a small amount of ATP is stored inside the muscle cells ...
photosynthesis
... The glucose produced in photosynthesis may be converted to insoluble starch. Start does not attract water by osmosis. Plant cells use some of the photosynthetic glucose for respiration. In addition, nitrates, absorbed by the roots, are needed for healthy growth. Any 1 of light, temperature and carbo ...
... The glucose produced in photosynthesis may be converted to insoluble starch. Start does not attract water by osmosis. Plant cells use some of the photosynthetic glucose for respiration. In addition, nitrates, absorbed by the roots, are needed for healthy growth. Any 1 of light, temperature and carbo ...
factors in photosynthesis
... The glucose produced in photosynthesis may be converted to insoluble starch. Start does not attract water by osmosis. Plant cells use some of the photosynthetic glucose for respiration. In addition, nitrates, absorbed by the roots, are needed for healthy growth. Any 1 of light, temperature and carbo ...
... The glucose produced in photosynthesis may be converted to insoluble starch. Start does not attract water by osmosis. Plant cells use some of the photosynthetic glucose for respiration. In addition, nitrates, absorbed by the roots, are needed for healthy growth. Any 1 of light, temperature and carbo ...
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea
... the transduction of H+ or Na+ across the cytoplasmic membrane, and the archaeal H+ ATP synthase uses the resultant proton-motive force for ATP synthesis. Reducing power for biosynthesis is also provided by the oxidation of reduced inorganic substrates, although ...
... the transduction of H+ or Na+ across the cytoplasmic membrane, and the archaeal H+ ATP synthase uses the resultant proton-motive force for ATP synthesis. Reducing power for biosynthesis is also provided by the oxidation of reduced inorganic substrates, although ...
Lecture 26
... Acetyl-CoA is a “high energy” compound: The DG' for the hydrolysis of its thioester is -31.5 kJ• mol-1 making it greater than the hydrolysis of ATP ...
... Acetyl-CoA is a “high energy” compound: The DG' for the hydrolysis of its thioester is -31.5 kJ• mol-1 making it greater than the hydrolysis of ATP ...
Lesson 4.2 Link Reaction and Krebs Cycle
... carbon atom is removed from pyruvate in the form of CO2. The remaining 2-carbon molecule combines with coenzyme A to produce Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Another oxidation reaction occurs when NAD+ collects more hydrogen ions. This forms reduced NAD (NADH + H+) No ATP is produced in this re ...
... carbon atom is removed from pyruvate in the form of CO2. The remaining 2-carbon molecule combines with coenzyme A to produce Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Another oxidation reaction occurs when NAD+ collects more hydrogen ions. This forms reduced NAD (NADH + H+) No ATP is produced in this re ...
Autotrophic carbon fixation in archaea
... the transduction of H+ or Na+ across the cytoplasmic membrane, and the archaeal H+ ATP synthase uses the resultant proton-motive force for ATP synthesis. Reducing power for biosynthesis is also provided by the oxidation of reduced inorganic substrates, although ...
... the transduction of H+ or Na+ across the cytoplasmic membrane, and the archaeal H+ ATP synthase uses the resultant proton-motive force for ATP synthesis. Reducing power for biosynthesis is also provided by the oxidation of reduced inorganic substrates, although ...
View Full Text-PDF
... Thus Xenobiotics are degraded by awide variety of micro-organisms, each of which degrades a small range of compounds. Frequently oxidation of Xenobiotics ...
... Thus Xenobiotics are degraded by awide variety of micro-organisms, each of which degrades a small range of compounds. Frequently oxidation of Xenobiotics ...
University of - Biochemistry at the University of Maryland, College Park
... ΔG′° = −RT ln(270) = −13.84 kJ/mol ΔG′° = −RT ln(890) = −16.79 kJ/mol ΔG′° for ATP hydrolysis is their sum = −13.84 + −16.79 = −30.6 kJ/mol K′ eq for ATP hydrolysis = exp(−ΔG′°/RT) = 2.4 × 105 ...
... ΔG′° = −RT ln(270) = −13.84 kJ/mol ΔG′° = −RT ln(890) = −16.79 kJ/mol ΔG′° for ATP hydrolysis is their sum = −13.84 + −16.79 = −30.6 kJ/mol K′ eq for ATP hydrolysis = exp(−ΔG′°/RT) = 2.4 × 105 ...
Metabolic modeling and comparative biochemistry in glyoxylate cycle
... degradation of fatty acids with carbon number multiple of 4, followed by gluconeogenesis until phosphoenolpyruvate and its catabolism, to produce energy, may be calculated by the sum of ATP rates produced and consumed in β-oxidation (ATP β-OX), glyoxylate cycle (ATP C GLYOX), Krebs cycle (ATP C KREB ...
... degradation of fatty acids with carbon number multiple of 4, followed by gluconeogenesis until phosphoenolpyruvate and its catabolism, to produce energy, may be calculated by the sum of ATP rates produced and consumed in β-oxidation (ATP β-OX), glyoxylate cycle (ATP C GLYOX), Krebs cycle (ATP C KREB ...
Homework # 8 Energetics, Electron Transport
... d. What is the net effect of the combination of reactions 2 and 3 in going from citric acid to isocitric acid? e. In step 4 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce oxalosuccinic acid? f. In step 5 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce ket ...
... d. What is the net effect of the combination of reactions 2 and 3 in going from citric acid to isocitric acid? e. In step 4 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce oxalosuccinic acid? f. In step 5 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce ket ...
CB098-008.34_Photosynthesis_B
... 4. Oxaloacetate is then converted into a 4-carbon compound called malate, which is transported (by plasmodesmata) into a bundle sheath cell. 5. Once the malate is in the bundle sheath cell, it releases CO2, which gets incorporated into G3P in the C3 cycle (Calvin Cycle). Because the bundle sheath ce ...
... 4. Oxaloacetate is then converted into a 4-carbon compound called malate, which is transported (by plasmodesmata) into a bundle sheath cell. 5. Once the malate is in the bundle sheath cell, it releases CO2, which gets incorporated into G3P in the C3 cycle (Calvin Cycle). Because the bundle sheath ce ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Thiobacillus
... yielding the appropriate cell-free preparations. The cell-free extracts from T. denitriJicans were prepared as described previously (Peeters & Aleem, 1970). Enzyme assays. All determinations, unless otherwise indicated, were made with the 144,000g supernatant and the various enzymes were measured us ...
... yielding the appropriate cell-free preparations. The cell-free extracts from T. denitriJicans were prepared as described previously (Peeters & Aleem, 1970). Enzyme assays. All determinations, unless otherwise indicated, were made with the 144,000g supernatant and the various enzymes were measured us ...
Anatomy and Physiology, 5/e Chapter 27: Nutrition and Metabolism
... distinctions to be made before moving into the heart of the digestive system physiology. Metabolism can be further broken down into two major processes, catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks food molecules into smaller compounds to release energy from them, while anabolism does the opposite, b ...
... distinctions to be made before moving into the heart of the digestive system physiology. Metabolism can be further broken down into two major processes, catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks food molecules into smaller compounds to release energy from them, while anabolism does the opposite, b ...
Competitive dominance among sessile marine organisms in a high
... and soft corals. To determine the major space occupier, coverage of all sessile organisms recorded during the RPCs was compared using a one-way ANOVA and Fisher’s PLSD post-hoc test after an arcsin transformation. To determine which organisms are dominant competitors, overgrowth patterns on Boulder ...
... and soft corals. To determine the major space occupier, coverage of all sessile organisms recorded during the RPCs was compared using a one-way ANOVA and Fisher’s PLSD post-hoc test after an arcsin transformation. To determine which organisms are dominant competitors, overgrowth patterns on Boulder ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)