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2–3 Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Carbon
The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds
that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that
can join with the electrons from other atoms to
form strong covalent bonds.
Living organisms are made of molecules that
consist of carbon (C) and other elements (H, O, N,
P, S). Just remember CHONPS.
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are formed by a process
known as polymerization.
The smaller units, or monomers, join
together to form polymers.
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Macromolecules
Monomers in a polymer
may be identical, or the
monomers may be
different.
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Macromolecules
Four groups of organic compounds found in
living things are:
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• Proteins
• NOTE:
We also call these Biomolecules
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made
up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms.
C:H:O = 1:2:1 ratio
Examples:C6H12O6 and C11H22011
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Carbohydrates
What is the function of
carbohydrates?
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Carbohydrates
Living things use carbohydrates as their
main source of energy.
Plants and some animals also use
carbohydrates for structural purposes.
The breakdown of sugars, such as
glucose, supplies immediate energy for all
cell activities.
Living things store extra sugar as complex
carbohydrates: starch & glycogen.
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Carbohydrates
Single sugar molecules are monosaccharides.
monosaccharides are the monomer
Examples are glucose, galactose (a component of
milk), and fructose (found in many fruits).
The large macromolecules formed from
monosaccharides are called polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides are the polymer
Examples are
starches in plants; glycogen in animals
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Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates
that are used by living things as a source of energy.
Starch
Glucose
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
CH2O
H
O OH
H
H
OH H
OH
H
H
NH
C
O
CH3
(a) The structure of the(b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton
chitin monomer.
of arthropods. This cicada
is molting, shedding its old
exoskeleton and emerging
in adult form.
Figure 5.10 A–C
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(c) Chitin is used to make a
strong and flexible surgical
thread that decomposes after
the wound or incision heals.
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Lipids
Lipids
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.
Lipids are made mostly from carbon and
hydrogen atoms and very little oxygen.
Examples are fats, oils, waxes and steroids
The monomers of a lipid are:
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
The polymer is called a tri-glyceride
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Lipids
What is the function of lipids?
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2–3 Carbon Compounds
Lipids
Lipids can be used to store energy.
Some lipids are important parts of
biological membranes and waterproof
coverings.
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Lipids
If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains
is joined to another carbon atom by a single
bond, the lipid is said to be saturated.
The term saturated is used because the fatty acids
contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen
atoms (no double bonds).
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Lipids
If there is at least one carbon-carbon double
bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated.
Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one
double bond are polyunsaturated.
Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend
to be liquid at room temperature.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus.
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from
individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
• a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose)
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogenous base
Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent
bonds to form a nucleic acid.
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
What is the function of nucleic acids?
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit
hereditary, or genetic, information.
Two kinds of nucleic acids are RNA (ribonucleic acid)
& DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA contains the sugar ribose and is a single strand.
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and is a double
strand.
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Proteins
Proteins are also called polypeptides
Proteins are macromolecules that contain, carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen and some sulfur.
Proteins are polypeptides (the polymers) made up
of monomers called amino acids.
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Proteins
Amino acids are compounds with an amino group
(-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
on the other end.
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A protein… a chain of amino acids hooked together by bonds
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Proteins
What is the function of proteins?
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Proteins
Some proteins control the rate of
reactions and regulate cell processes—
enzymes, hormones.
Some proteins are used to form bones
and muscles.
Other proteins transport substances into
or out of cells or help to fight disease-antibodies.
You are build of and run by proteins!!!
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