3 Molecules of life-organic compounds 2016
... Proteins: made of amino acids • Amino Acids: – Identical except for “R” group. – There are 20 different a.a. ...
... Proteins: made of amino acids • Amino Acids: – Identical except for “R” group. – There are 20 different a.a. ...
Appendices 1-5
... formation of the complex between cytochromes C and C1. 7) Cytochrome C oxidase VIIa 1 (Cox7a1) is also one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome C oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport. 8) Cytochrome C oxidase polypeptide VIII (Cox8b) is other of the nucle ...
... formation of the complex between cytochromes C and C1. 7) Cytochrome C oxidase VIIa 1 (Cox7a1) is also one of the nuclear-coded polypeptide chains of cytochrome C oxidase, the terminal oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport. 8) Cytochrome C oxidase polypeptide VIII (Cox8b) is other of the nucle ...
sheet#11
... mutase). Then, enolase catalyzes the dehydration reaction to produce phosphoenolpyruvate. In Phosphoenolpyruvate, -en- stands for the double bond, and -ol- refers to alcohol. This compound is a high energy compound. In the last step, pyruvate kinase "named according to the backward direction" transf ...
... mutase). Then, enolase catalyzes the dehydration reaction to produce phosphoenolpyruvate. In Phosphoenolpyruvate, -en- stands for the double bond, and -ol- refers to alcohol. This compound is a high energy compound. In the last step, pyruvate kinase "named according to the backward direction" transf ...
Chapter 5: Major Metabolic Pathways
... Metabolic Engineering (ME) “the directed improvement of product formation or cellular properties through the modification of specific biochemical reactions(s) or the introduction of new one(s) with the use of ...
... Metabolic Engineering (ME) “the directed improvement of product formation or cellular properties through the modification of specific biochemical reactions(s) or the introduction of new one(s) with the use of ...
Examples of Biocontrol Agents - E
... ecosystem and on a global basis. A chemical form of an element represents a reservoir. The turnover of a reservoir depends on both the intensity of cycling and reservoir size. Biogeochemical cycling describes the movement and conversion of materials by biochemical activities throughout the atmospher ...
... ecosystem and on a global basis. A chemical form of an element represents a reservoir. The turnover of a reservoir depends on both the intensity of cycling and reservoir size. Biogeochemical cycling describes the movement and conversion of materials by biochemical activities throughout the atmospher ...
4-Carbohydrate metabolism
... Carbohydrates are a superior short-term energy reserve for organisms, because they are much simpler to metabolize than fats or proteins. Carbohydrates are typically stored as long polymers of glucose molecules with Glycosidic bonds for structural support (e.g. chitin, cellulose) or energy storag ...
... Carbohydrates are a superior short-term energy reserve for organisms, because they are much simpler to metabolize than fats or proteins. Carbohydrates are typically stored as long polymers of glucose molecules with Glycosidic bonds for structural support (e.g. chitin, cellulose) or energy storag ...
Aalborg Universitet Occurrence and in situ physiology of uncultured putative alphaproteobacterial
... were generally low in abundance; however, in one plant surveyed, Cluster 2 Defluviicoccus constituted 9 % of all Bacteria. FISH combined with microautoradiography revealed that both Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 Defluviicoccus were capable of taking up a narrow range of substrates including acetate, propi ...
... were generally low in abundance; however, in one plant surveyed, Cluster 2 Defluviicoccus constituted 9 % of all Bacteria. FISH combined with microautoradiography revealed that both Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 Defluviicoccus were capable of taking up a narrow range of substrates including acetate, propi ...
Lab 7 PPT - Dr Magrann
... someone else, he feels good, and is oxidized! • All of NAD’s brothers are also named NAD. It takes 2 NAD brothers to come to the glycolysis gumball machine and take on the burden of the H+. They are now called NADH. • Right now, you need to take your 2 gumballs (pyruvate) to the mitochondria so you ...
... someone else, he feels good, and is oxidized! • All of NAD’s brothers are also named NAD. It takes 2 NAD brothers to come to the glycolysis gumball machine and take on the burden of the H+. They are now called NADH. • Right now, you need to take your 2 gumballs (pyruvate) to the mitochondria so you ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... • Process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 • Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than Glycolysis • Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids • Evolutionary origin: developed about 2.5 billion years ago • Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms • Occurs in three majo ...
... • Process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 • Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than Glycolysis • Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids • Evolutionary origin: developed about 2.5 billion years ago • Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms • Occurs in three majo ...
Energy flows, metabolism and translation
... Scheme 1. Self-organization in chemical systems induced by a flow of energy and a local decrease in entropy compensated by an overall increase. The formation of high-energy metabolites/intermediates is dependent upon the supply of energy (as chemical carriers or under physical forms) into the system ...
... Scheme 1. Self-organization in chemical systems induced by a flow of energy and a local decrease in entropy compensated by an overall increase. The formation of high-energy metabolites/intermediates is dependent upon the supply of energy (as chemical carriers or under physical forms) into the system ...
CARBOHYDRATES B.SC Ist SEMESTER INTRODUCTION TO
... body. Every grounds of carbohydrates, sugar or starch when oxidized yields on an average 4 Kilo calories. Since Indians consume large quantity of cereals, most of the requirement of energy is met by carbohydrates. •PROTEIN SPARING ACTION : The body uses carbohydrates as a source of energy, when they ...
... body. Every grounds of carbohydrates, sugar or starch when oxidized yields on an average 4 Kilo calories. Since Indians consume large quantity of cereals, most of the requirement of energy is met by carbohydrates. •PROTEIN SPARING ACTION : The body uses carbohydrates as a source of energy, when they ...
How Cells Obtain Energy Cell Respiration
... pumps to move H+ from the stroma to the thylakoid space The build up of H+ in the thylakoid space prompts ATP synthase to pump the H+ back into the stroma and at the same time produce ATP ...
... pumps to move H+ from the stroma to the thylakoid space The build up of H+ in the thylakoid space prompts ATP synthase to pump the H+ back into the stroma and at the same time produce ATP ...
(+1) + - Edublogs
... 1. The oxidation # of any uncombined element is zero. 2. The oxidation # of a monoatomic ion equals its’ charge. 3. The more electrongative element in a binary compound is assigned the number equal to the charge it would have if it were an ion. 4. The oxidation number of fluorine is always -1. 5. Ox ...
... 1. The oxidation # of any uncombined element is zero. 2. The oxidation # of a monoatomic ion equals its’ charge. 3. The more electrongative element in a binary compound is assigned the number equal to the charge it would have if it were an ion. 4. The oxidation number of fluorine is always -1. 5. Ox ...
Krebs cycle
... • Electrons are transferred from succinate to FAD and then to ubiquinone (Q) in electron transport chain • Dehydrogenation is stereospecific; only the trans isomer is formed ...
... • Electrons are transferred from succinate to FAD and then to ubiquinone (Q) in electron transport chain • Dehydrogenation is stereospecific; only the trans isomer is formed ...
Gluconeogenesis Precursors for Gluconeogenesis
... • Principle of Reciprocal regulation • Local regulation vs Hormone regulation ...
... • Principle of Reciprocal regulation • Local regulation vs Hormone regulation ...
Can We Guarantee the Safety of Genetically Engineered Organisms
... with caution comes from our previous experience with new technology. Physics promised us cheap energy and so our grandchildren will have to live with dumps of our radioactive wastes. Chemistry offered us better health and more food, and now toxic chemical wastes pollute water and soil and cause know ...
... with caution comes from our previous experience with new technology. Physics promised us cheap energy and so our grandchildren will have to live with dumps of our radioactive wastes. Chemistry offered us better health and more food, and now toxic chemical wastes pollute water and soil and cause know ...
Key area 2 * Cellular respiration
... the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate; the chemical energy stored in ATP can be released by breaking it down to ADP and phosphate; ATP can be regenerated during respiration; each glucose molecule is broken down via pyruvate to carbon dioxide ...
... the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate; the chemical energy stored in ATP can be released by breaking it down to ADP and phosphate; ATP can be regenerated during respiration; each glucose molecule is broken down via pyruvate to carbon dioxide ...
Lecture 7
... and start the breakdown of glucose, should be regulated: The enzymes should A) not be regulated. B) be turned off when enough (ATP) energy is available. C) be turned on when more (ATP) energy is needed. D) be regulated in a dual way, both by activation when more ATP energy is needed and by inactivat ...
... and start the breakdown of glucose, should be regulated: The enzymes should A) not be regulated. B) be turned off when enough (ATP) energy is available. C) be turned on when more (ATP) energy is needed. D) be regulated in a dual way, both by activation when more ATP energy is needed and by inactivat ...
The Nitrogen Cycle
... Nitrogen gas (N2) has two nitrogen atoms connected by a very strong triple bond. Most plants and animals cannot use the nitrogen in nitrogen gas because they cannot break that triple bond. Legume plants have special nitrogen fixating bacteria which allow them to use nitrogen straight from the atmosp ...
... Nitrogen gas (N2) has two nitrogen atoms connected by a very strong triple bond. Most plants and animals cannot use the nitrogen in nitrogen gas because they cannot break that triple bond. Legume plants have special nitrogen fixating bacteria which allow them to use nitrogen straight from the atmosp ...
ATP
... series of enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane 2. at the end of the chain, an enzyme combines electrons from the chain 3. with H ions from the cells fluid and O2 to form H2O. 4. O2 is the final electron acceptor, therefore O2 is necessary for obtaining E from NADH and FADH2 ...
... series of enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane 2. at the end of the chain, an enzyme combines electrons from the chain 3. with H ions from the cells fluid and O2 to form H2O. 4. O2 is the final electron acceptor, therefore O2 is necessary for obtaining E from NADH and FADH2 ...
Chapter 8: Cellular Energy
... All of the chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as the cell’s metabolism. A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction is called a metabolic pathway. Metabolic pathways include two broad types: catabolic (ka tuh BAH lik) pathways ...
... All of the chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as the cell’s metabolism. A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction is called a metabolic pathway. Metabolic pathways include two broad types: catabolic (ka tuh BAH lik) pathways ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)