Download Intro to Cell Biology

2-3 Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Life,
Carbon Compounds 2-3
KEY CONCEPTS:
What macromolecules are important to living things?
What are the functions of each group of macromolecules?
2-3 Carbon Compounds
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Nucleic acids
4._____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
CARBOHYDRATES contain
Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
(with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)
Molecules made up of only one
sugar molecule are
monosaccharides
called ________________
Example:
GLUCOSE C6H12O6
Important
MONOSACCHARIDES
2-3 Carbon Compounds
C6H12O6
C5H10O5
ALL HAVE Ratio of…
1
2 H: __
1 O
__C:
__
C5H10O5
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Monosaccharides can be joined
together using
dehydration synthesis to make
____________________
________________
POLYSACCHARIDES made of
___________
MANY
SUGAR molecules.
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Examples of IMPORTANT
POLYSACCHARIDES
STARCH
___________
CELLULOSE
___________
GLYCOGEN
___________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
WHAT DO
CARBOHYDRATES
DO?
2-3 Carbon Compounds
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
Cells use GLUCOSE
energy needs
for their ________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
ANIMAL cells
store glucose
GLYCOGEN
as _________.
2-3 Carbon Compounds
CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY
PLANT cells
Store glucose
STARCH .
as ______
2-3 Carbon Compounds
CARBOHYDRATES are STRUCTURAL
PLANTS also use
glucose to make
CELLULOSE
___________
Cellulose makes
STURDY
plants _______
2-3 Carbon Compounds
CARBOHYDRATES HELP
with CELL IDENTIFICATION
GLYCOPROTEINS
(proteins with
sugars attached)
on the surface of
cells help cells
_____________
recognize “self”
2-3 Carbon Compounds
GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:
BLOOD
TYPES
ORGAN
REJECTION
RECOGNIZING
GERMS
2-3 Carbon Compounds
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
4. _____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS contain:
Carbon
________,
Hydrogen
_________,
Oxygen
_______,
and
Nitrogen
_________
and
are built from
AMINO ACID
__________
subunits
2-3 Carbon Compounds
R-group is different for
The _______
each AMINO ACID
20 different
There are ___
ANIMO ACIDS used by cells
proteins .
to make _______
2-3 Carbon Compounds
What kind of chemical reaction
is used to join amino acid
subunits to make proteins?
dehydration
____________
synthesis
____________
Hint: water out
& put together
2-3 Carbon Compounds
The sequence of amino acids in
the protein chain is determined
DNA code
by the __________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Proteins have a 3D shape
“Like wants to be
near like”
hydrophobic
The ____________
hydrophilic
and ____________
R-Groups make it fold
up.
Van der Waals forces & the
Then ____________
hydrogen bonds hold it together.
2-3 Carbon Compounds
WHAT DO
PROTEINS
DO?
2-3 Carbon Compounds
GLYCOPROTEINS
(SUGARS attached to proteins)
on the surface of
cells help cells
recognize “self”
____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
GLYCOPROTEINS
are important for:
BLOOD
TYPES
ORGAN
REJECTION
RECOGNIZING
GERMS
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL
Proteins and ___________
Phospholipids
_______
are the main components in
cell membranes.
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS ARE STRUCTURAL
Proteins
combine with
DNA which
_____
wrap up into
chromosomes
___________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES
ENZYMES
help chemical
reactions
happen faster
____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS CONTROL GENES
ON and ____
OFF
by turning them ____
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS FIGHT GERMS
ANTIBODIES
____________
are proteins that
attack and kill germs
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS help in TRANSPORT
Proteins in cell
membranes help
out
move molecules ___
in of cells
& ___
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS help in TRANSPORT
HEMOGLOBIN in
red blood cells
____________
carry oxygen
to all body cells
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS help with
MOVEMENT
MUSCLES
Body _________,
FLAGELLA and
__________,
MITOTIC SPINDLE
__________________
are made of
PROTEINS
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PROTEINS act as HORMONES
Eating food puts
GLUCOSE in your
bloodstream
INSULIN is a protein hormone that
___________
controls blood sugar levels in the body .
2-3 Carbon Compounds
INSULIN
causes cells
To store
glucose
_______
2-3 Carbon Compounds
DIABETES
People with __________
can’t make insulin and their
TOO high
Blood sugar stays _________
because cells
can’t store glucose.
Insulin shots can
Replace the missing
Insulin.
2-3 Carbon Compounds
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
4. _____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Lipids are made mainly from
Carbon
Hydrogen
________
and __________
oxygen atoms)
(very few _______
2-3 Carbon Compounds
WHAT
DO
LIPIDS
DO?
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
(lipid tails + glycerol/phosphate head)
Polar head
________
Non-polar
tails
___________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS
join with PROTEINS to make
cell membranes .
____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
LIPIDS
can be used to
store energy
________.
2-3 Carbon Compounds
LIPIDS INSULATE
LIPIDS form
myelin
______ which
is insulation on
nerve cells)
______
2-3 Carbon Compounds
LIPIDS INSULATE
Help maintain
body heat
_________
which helps with
homeostasis .
__________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
LIPIDS can be HORMONES
STEROIDS like
_________
TESTOSTERONE
_____________,
ESTROGEN
___________,
and
PROGESTERONE
_____________are
steroid hormones
involved in reproduction
2-3 Carbon Compounds
MACROMOLECULES
important to living things!
1._____________
Carbohydrates
Proteins
2. _____________
Lipids
3. _____________
(Fats, oils, waxes, steroids)
Nucleic acids
4._____________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
NUCLEIC ACIDS
contain:
are built from
CARBON
_______,
NUCLEOTIDE
___________
HYDROGEN
_________, subunits
OXYGEN
_______,
PHOSPHORUS
___________
NITROGEN
and ________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
NUCLEOTIDES
sugar &/or
Changing the _______
nitrogen base produces
and ____________
different nucleotide subunits
2-3 Carbon Compounds
NUCLEOTIDES
2 SUGARS can be used:
____________
DEOXYRIBOSE
(DNA)
________
RIBOSE
(RNA)
2-3 Carbon Compounds
5 NITROGEN BASES
ADENINE
_____________
GUANINE
_____________
CYTOSINE
_____________
THYMINE
_____________
_____________
URACIL
=
=
=
=
=
A
G
C
T (only in DNA)
U (only in RNA)
2-3 Carbon Compounds
MAKING DNA:
Nitrogen bases:
A, T, C, or G
_____________
DNA has NO _____
Uracil
SUGAR
DEOXYRIBOSE
= “______________”
2-3 Carbon Compounds
MAKING RNA:
These
Nitrogen bases
A, U, C, or G
_____________
Image by: Riedell
RNA has NO Thymine
_______
SUGAR
RIBOSE
= “________”
2-3 Carbon Compounds
What kind of chemical reaction
do you think is used to join
nucleotide subunits to make
nucleic acids?
Dehydration
____________
____________
synthesis
Hint: water out
& put together
2-3 Carbon Compounds
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA= __________________
DOUBLE
________
STRANDED
SUBUNITS:
A, T, G, C
(has No “U”)
2-3 Carbon Compounds
DNA molecule forms a HELIX
or “twisted ladder”
ADENINE bonds THYMINE
__________
_________
with
CYTOSINE
GUANINE
_________ bonds __________
with
2-3 Carbon Compounds
2 KINDS of NUCLEIC ACIDS
Ribonucleic acid
RNA= ________________
SINGLE STRANDED
_______
Subunits:
A, U, G, C
(has NO “T”)
2-3 Carbon Compounds
WHAT
DO
NUCLEIC
ACIDS
DO?
2-3 Carbon Compounds
ONE SPECIAL KIND of
NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to
Store and transport ENERGY
RIBOSE
RIBOSE
Sugar =_____________
ADENINE
Nitrogen base =__________
3 PHOSPHATE groups
+___
ATP
2-3 Carbon Compounds
DNA
stores
_____
genetic
______
information
________
in cells
More about this in Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and 14
2-3 Carbon Compounds
RNA
CARRIES INFORMATION
from DNA in nucleus out to cell
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Helps with _________________
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Go to
Section:
2-3 Carbon Compounds
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Go to
Section:
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
which contain
which contain
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,