Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes - Beck-Shop
... [wird aufgeteilt] to create proton gradients. These proton gradients drive the rotary [rotierend] ATP synthase (see Fig. 8-5) to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as energy currency to power the cell. Peroxisomes contain no genes and depend entirely on nuclear genes to encode their pr ...
... [wird aufgeteilt] to create proton gradients. These proton gradients drive the rotary [rotierend] ATP synthase (see Fig. 8-5) to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as energy currency to power the cell. Peroxisomes contain no genes and depend entirely on nuclear genes to encode their pr ...
Oxidized
... • Many reduced sulfur compounds are used as electron donors (Figure 13.22a) • Discovered by Sergei Winogradsky • H2S, S0, S2O3 are commonly used • One product of sulfur oxidation is H+, which lowers of the pH of its surroundings • Sox system oxidizes reduced sulfur compounds directly to sulfate • U ...
... • Many reduced sulfur compounds are used as electron donors (Figure 13.22a) • Discovered by Sergei Winogradsky • H2S, S0, S2O3 are commonly used • One product of sulfur oxidation is H+, which lowers of the pH of its surroundings • Sox system oxidizes reduced sulfur compounds directly to sulfate • U ...
Assigning and Using Oxidation Numbers in Biochemistry Lecture
... numbers cannot be used to show why some heterofermenting lactic acid bacteria can produce mannitol from fructose but not glucose (Problem 5), since both glucose and fructose have a net oxidation number of 0. For a final example, three moles of pyruvate can be fermented to one mole of propionate, and ...
... numbers cannot be used to show why some heterofermenting lactic acid bacteria can produce mannitol from fructose but not glucose (Problem 5), since both glucose and fructose have a net oxidation number of 0. For a final example, three moles of pyruvate can be fermented to one mole of propionate, and ...
Fouling Community Studies in the Indian River
... The differences between short term plates indicate that there is a great difference between pioneer species throughout the year. ...
... The differences between short term plates indicate that there is a great difference between pioneer species throughout the year. ...
Key Terms PDF - QuizOver.com
... passed through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that forms water and produces a proton gradient ...
... passed through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that forms water and produces a proton gradient ...
The representative Elements: Groups 1A – 4A
... • Most important element on Earth – forms the basic skeletal structures of all living things; • Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with many elements and with itself; • Carbon forms sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridizations; • In sp hybridization, each carbon forms 2 s- and 2 pbonds; example in H―C≡C―H • In s ...
... • Most important element on Earth – forms the basic skeletal structures of all living things; • Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with many elements and with itself; • Carbon forms sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridizations; • In sp hybridization, each carbon forms 2 s- and 2 pbonds; example in H―C≡C―H • In s ...
Final Review 2
... d) None of the above is correct. 61) Which of the following is not one of Dalton’s laws? a) Atoms are indestructible. b) Atoms of the same element have isotopes with different masses. c) Atoms of different elements have different chemical and physical properties. d) All of these are examples of Dalt ...
... d) None of the above is correct. 61) Which of the following is not one of Dalton’s laws? a) Atoms are indestructible. b) Atoms of the same element have isotopes with different masses. c) Atoms of different elements have different chemical and physical properties. d) All of these are examples of Dalt ...
Lab5
... difference in appearance among organisms that did grow tell you? To control microbial growth, we tested several antibiotic and disinfectant. We also explored how varying levels of pH and temperature effect microbial growth. As you look at the results for each of these, consider how each effected the ...
... difference in appearance among organisms that did grow tell you? To control microbial growth, we tested several antibiotic and disinfectant. We also explored how varying levels of pH and temperature effect microbial growth. As you look at the results for each of these, consider how each effected the ...
Detailed Objectives
... Indicate the name of any enzyme catalysts and cofactors for any specific reaction. Know the general reaction type. Understand the general enzyme mechanisms and intermediate structures for those specific reactions discussed in class. Understand the free energy considerations (production and use of AT ...
... Indicate the name of any enzyme catalysts and cofactors for any specific reaction. Know the general reaction type. Understand the general enzyme mechanisms and intermediate structures for those specific reactions discussed in class. Understand the free energy considerations (production and use of AT ...
Chapter 14 Ionic and Covalent Compounds/ Organic compounds
... ________ are biochemicals that do not dissolve in water. Fats, oils, and waxes are kinds of lipids. Lipids are also used to store some __________. -L Lipids store excess _________ in the body. When an organism has used up most of its carbohydrates, it can obtain energy by breaking down lipids. -_ __ ...
... ________ are biochemicals that do not dissolve in water. Fats, oils, and waxes are kinds of lipids. Lipids are also used to store some __________. -L Lipids store excess _________ in the body. When an organism has used up most of its carbohydrates, it can obtain energy by breaking down lipids. -_ __ ...
Unit 9 Chemical Equations and Reactions Balancing Equations Notes
... Synthesis- _____________________ elements or compounds combine to form one compound. Decomposition- a _________________ compound decomposes into two or more elements or smaller compounds. Single Replacement- a metal will _________________ a less active metal in an ionic compound OR a nonmetal will r ...
... Synthesis- _____________________ elements or compounds combine to form one compound. Decomposition- a _________________ compound decomposes into two or more elements or smaller compounds. Single Replacement- a metal will _________________ a less active metal in an ionic compound OR a nonmetal will r ...
Glycolysis
... 2. However, when oxygen is available (aerobic respiration), and cytosolic NADH can be oxidized by ETC generating ATP and pyruvate can also enter the mitochondria and be completely oxidized to CO2 via Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction and the TCA cycle giving more ATP. The oxidation of pyruvate by PDH ...
... 2. However, when oxygen is available (aerobic respiration), and cytosolic NADH can be oxidized by ETC generating ATP and pyruvate can also enter the mitochondria and be completely oxidized to CO2 via Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction and the TCA cycle giving more ATP. The oxidation of pyruvate by PDH ...
bio culture
... BIO CULTURE is a bacterial formulation designed to improve waste degradation in septic tanks and eliminate odors due to organic buildup. BIO CULTURE is a blend of microorganisms that collectively produce enzymes for the degradation of fats, oils, proteins, starch and carbohydrates. BIO CULTURE is a ...
... BIO CULTURE is a bacterial formulation designed to improve waste degradation in septic tanks and eliminate odors due to organic buildup. BIO CULTURE is a blend of microorganisms that collectively produce enzymes for the degradation of fats, oils, proteins, starch and carbohydrates. BIO CULTURE is a ...
An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be chemically
... CH2O molecular formula: shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule ----CH2O (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6 structural formula: shows how the atoms are connected ...
... CH2O molecular formula: shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule ----CH2O (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6 structural formula: shows how the atoms are connected ...
14 Chapter
... • Cholesterol is a complex lipid that is present in foods that come from animals, such as meat, butter, eggs, and cheese. • Even if you don’t eat foods containing cholesterol, your body makes its own supply. • Your body needs cholesterol for building cell ...
... • Cholesterol is a complex lipid that is present in foods that come from animals, such as meat, butter, eggs, and cheese. • Even if you don’t eat foods containing cholesterol, your body makes its own supply. • Your body needs cholesterol for building cell ...
Hans A. Krebs - Nobel Lecture
... citric acid cycle. The biological significance of the common route may lie in the fact that such an arrangement represents an economy of chemical tools. An analysis of the energy giving reactions (which I cannot here pursue in detail; see Krebs31) shows that in spite of a multitude of sources of ene ...
... citric acid cycle. The biological significance of the common route may lie in the fact that such an arrangement represents an economy of chemical tools. An analysis of the energy giving reactions (which I cannot here pursue in detail; see Krebs31) shows that in spite of a multitude of sources of ene ...
Metabolic Pathways - University of California, Santa Barbara
... 10. Stage 4 of catabolism is _________________________ in which 1 molecule of NADH produces ___________ molecules of ATP and 1 molecule of FADH2 produces ____________ molecules of ATP. Therefore for each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle ____________ molecules of ATP are produ ...
... 10. Stage 4 of catabolism is _________________________ in which 1 molecule of NADH produces ___________ molecules of ATP and 1 molecule of FADH2 produces ____________ molecules of ATP. Therefore for each molecule of acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle ____________ molecules of ATP are produ ...
detailed lecture outline
... Figure 25-3 If any of these participants is missing, glycolysis cannot occur. Glycolysis begins when an enzyme phosphorylates—that is, attaches a phosphate group—to the last (sixth) carbon atom of a glucose molecule, creating glucose-6-phosphate. o This step, which “costs” the cell one ATP molecul ...
... Figure 25-3 If any of these participants is missing, glycolysis cannot occur. Glycolysis begins when an enzyme phosphorylates—that is, attaches a phosphate group—to the last (sixth) carbon atom of a glucose molecule, creating glucose-6-phosphate. o This step, which “costs” the cell one ATP molecul ...
Enzymes Recap
... • Dis=nct from energy dependent sodium glucose transporters which work against gradient ...
... • Dis=nct from energy dependent sodium glucose transporters which work against gradient ...
Standard 1: Students will understand that living organisms interact
... If the cheetah is successful in capturing the warthog, he would gain some energy by eating it. But would the cheetah gain as much energy as the warthog has ever consumed? No, the warthog has used up some of that energy for its own needs. The cheetah will only gain a fraction of the energy that the w ...
... If the cheetah is successful in capturing the warthog, he would gain some energy by eating it. But would the cheetah gain as much energy as the warthog has ever consumed? No, the warthog has used up some of that energy for its own needs. The cheetah will only gain a fraction of the energy that the w ...
elements of chemistry unit
... One type of chemical reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one species (species means atoms or groups of atoms) to another. These reactions are called oxidation reduction reactions. The species that loses electrons is oxidized and the species gaining electrons is reduced. Oxidation reduct ...
... One type of chemical reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one species (species means atoms or groups of atoms) to another. These reactions are called oxidation reduction reactions. The species that loses electrons is oxidized and the species gaining electrons is reduced. Oxidation reduct ...
Building Monomers of Macromolecules
... up of compounds that contain Carbon. Living things are made up of proteins, DNA, fats, and sugars. All of these molecules are made of Carbon. Carbon containing compounds are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Therefore, living things are composed of organic compounds. During ...
... up of compounds that contain Carbon. Living things are made up of proteins, DNA, fats, and sugars. All of these molecules are made of Carbon. Carbon containing compounds are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Therefore, living things are composed of organic compounds. During ...
Chapter 3
... – Storage is structural (no extra depot) – Carbons are available – Not a primary energy source during exercise (too expensive) – But usable – long duration exercise (up to ...
... – Storage is structural (no extra depot) – Carbons are available – Not a primary energy source during exercise (too expensive) – But usable – long duration exercise (up to ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)