Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration Other Metabolites
... Coordination of chemical processes across whole organism ...
... Coordination of chemical processes across whole organism ...
Utilization of Amino Acids and Lack of Diazotrophy in
... Growth on amino acids as nitrogen sources by nonsulphur purple bacteria (Gest & Kamen, 1960; Yoch, 1978) and green sulphur bacteria (Heda & Madigan, 1986) is associated with nitrogenase derepression. Therefore, strains of Chlorofexus were grown in similar fashion and tested for acetylene reduction. ...
... Growth on amino acids as nitrogen sources by nonsulphur purple bacteria (Gest & Kamen, 1960; Yoch, 1978) and green sulphur bacteria (Heda & Madigan, 1986) is associated with nitrogenase derepression. Therefore, strains of Chlorofexus were grown in similar fashion and tested for acetylene reduction. ...
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
... About 32 molecules of ATP are produced for each fully oxidized glucose. The role of O2: most of the ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation, which is due to the reoxidation of NADH. Some bacteria and archaea use other electron acceptors. • Geobacter metallireducens can use iron (Fe3+) or uranium ...
... About 32 molecules of ATP are produced for each fully oxidized glucose. The role of O2: most of the ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation, which is due to the reoxidation of NADH. Some bacteria and archaea use other electron acceptors. • Geobacter metallireducens can use iron (Fe3+) or uranium ...
carbonyl group
... -Amides have very high BP’s due to strong H-bonding -Intermolecular hydrogen bonding possible - H-bonding can occur between N, H and O CH3 – C=O NH2 - BP’s are higher than similar esters and acids ...
... -Amides have very high BP’s due to strong H-bonding -Intermolecular hydrogen bonding possible - H-bonding can occur between N, H and O CH3 – C=O NH2 - BP’s are higher than similar esters and acids ...
e is nline ion any er.`
... biosynthesis of hydrocarbons has been demonstrated for a higher plant (Pisum sativum); one carbon is removed by a-oxidation and the second by decarbonylation of the aldehyde formed by reduction of the resulting carboxylic acid.12 A mechanism involving reduction of long-chain fatty acids to hydrocarb ...
... biosynthesis of hydrocarbons has been demonstrated for a higher plant (Pisum sativum); one carbon is removed by a-oxidation and the second by decarbonylation of the aldehyde formed by reduction of the resulting carboxylic acid.12 A mechanism involving reduction of long-chain fatty acids to hydrocarb ...
1 PROBLEM SET 3 TCA cycle 1. To date this quarter you have
... cell cannot make thiamine pyrophosphate, the cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase. The inability to oxidize pyruvate produced by glycolysis to acetyl-CoA would lead to accumulation of pyruvate in blood and urine. The most direct test for this deficiency is to feed a diet supplemented with thiamin and ...
... cell cannot make thiamine pyrophosphate, the cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase. The inability to oxidize pyruvate produced by glycolysis to acetyl-CoA would lead to accumulation of pyruvate in blood and urine. The most direct test for this deficiency is to feed a diet supplemented with thiamin and ...
Carbon Compounds 2-3 Foldable Instructions
... • Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy. ...
... • Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy. ...
Amino Acid Metabolism - Breakdown Other metabolic
... lots protein in diet = carbon skeletons used for fuel, lots of urea starvation = breakdown muscle protein for energy, lots of urea All enzymes (CPS-I and 4 in cycle) synthesized at higher rates in starving animals and animals on high protein diets 2. Carbomyl phosphate synthetase I allosterically ac ...
... lots protein in diet = carbon skeletons used for fuel, lots of urea starvation = breakdown muscle protein for energy, lots of urea All enzymes (CPS-I and 4 in cycle) synthesized at higher rates in starving animals and animals on high protein diets 2. Carbomyl phosphate synthetase I allosterically ac ...
Lecture 27
... In mammals, found in the liver and small intestine mucosa XO is a homodimer with FAD, two [2Fe-2S] clusters and a molybdopterin complex (Mo-pt) that cycles between Mol (VI) and Mol (IV) oxidation states. Final electron acceptor is O2 which is converted to H2O2 XO is cleaved into 3 segments. The uncl ...
... In mammals, found in the liver and small intestine mucosa XO is a homodimer with FAD, two [2Fe-2S] clusters and a molybdopterin complex (Mo-pt) that cycles between Mol (VI) and Mol (IV) oxidation states. Final electron acceptor is O2 which is converted to H2O2 XO is cleaved into 3 segments. The uncl ...
Lecture 23 – SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION: G
... Identify features of the H4 isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase that makes it different from the M4 isozyme. H4 has a high affinity (or low Km) for lactate H4 is inhibited by pyruvate H4 found in heart not anaerobic skeletal muscle Intravenous infusion of fructose into healthy volunteers increases lact ...
... Identify features of the H4 isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase that makes it different from the M4 isozyme. H4 has a high affinity (or low Km) for lactate H4 is inhibited by pyruvate H4 found in heart not anaerobic skeletal muscle Intravenous infusion of fructose into healthy volunteers increases lact ...
Phosphorylation - Biology Junction
... levels of intermediates compounds in the pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways levels of other biomolecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways ...
... levels of intermediates compounds in the pathways regulation of earlier steps in pathways levels of other biomolecules in body regulates rate of siphoning off to synthesis pathways ...
video slide - Jackson County School District
... Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules • In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion (aerobic respiration) • Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis ...
... Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules • In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion (aerobic respiration) • Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis ...
Mitochondria
... phospholipid that possesses four, rather than the usual two, fatty acyl chains. The presence of this phospholipid in high concentration makes the inner membrane nearly impermeable to ions, electrons, and protons. • The inner membrane has a very high protein-tophospholipid ratio (about 4:1 by weight) ...
... phospholipid that possesses four, rather than the usual two, fatty acyl chains. The presence of this phospholipid in high concentration makes the inner membrane nearly impermeable to ions, electrons, and protons. • The inner membrane has a very high protein-tophospholipid ratio (about 4:1 by weight) ...
Lecture 11
... All pathways can produce ATP At the beginning of any exercise whatsoever anaerobic metabolism is in place to produce ATP If the person continues to exercise at a moderate level for a prolonged period then the aerobic pathway will become the predominant pathway for energy production (eg marathon run) ...
... All pathways can produce ATP At the beginning of any exercise whatsoever anaerobic metabolism is in place to produce ATP If the person continues to exercise at a moderate level for a prolonged period then the aerobic pathway will become the predominant pathway for energy production (eg marathon run) ...
this PDF file
... The basal rate of H excretion was monitored for 5min, then 100|xM was added to measure the contribution of protons from plasma membrane ...
... The basal rate of H excretion was monitored for 5min, then 100|xM was added to measure the contribution of protons from plasma membrane ...
Section 2-3 - Xavier High School
... Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. They are dissolved compounds in the human body. The pH of the fluids within most cells in the human body must generally be kept between 6.5 and 7.5 Human blood has a pH of 7.4 If the pH ...
... Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. They are dissolved compounds in the human body. The pH of the fluids within most cells in the human body must generally be kept between 6.5 and 7.5 Human blood has a pH of 7.4 If the pH ...
the lecture in Powerpoint Format
... ATP is formed in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation during which – an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and – ATP is formed. ...
... ATP is formed in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation during which – an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and – ATP is formed. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... 2. During the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. There are three major ways in which different cells handle pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis. These are lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and aerobic respiration. Fermentation takes place under anaerobic ...
... 2. During the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. There are three major ways in which different cells handle pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis. These are lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and aerobic respiration. Fermentation takes place under anaerobic ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)