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... Pasteur observed that yeast consumes far more glucose when growing under anaerobic conditions than when growing under aerobic conditions. Scientists now know that the rate of ATP production by anaerobic glycolysis can be up to 100 times faster than that of oxidative phosphorylation, but much glucose ...
... Pasteur observed that yeast consumes far more glucose when growing under anaerobic conditions than when growing under aerobic conditions. Scientists now know that the rate of ATP production by anaerobic glycolysis can be up to 100 times faster than that of oxidative phosphorylation, but much glucose ...
Reaction Engineering - AAU -uddannelser, forskning og
... Growth of bacterial population Exponential growth Geometric progression of the number 2. 21-22 1 and 2 number of generation that has taken place ...
... Growth of bacterial population Exponential growth Geometric progression of the number 2. 21-22 1 and 2 number of generation that has taken place ...
Chapter 26 Outline Assimilation of Inorganic Nitrogen
... We won’t cover the specific biosynthetic pathways, many of which occur only in plants or microorganisms. ...
... We won’t cover the specific biosynthetic pathways, many of which occur only in plants or microorganisms. ...
O 2
... This occurs in muscles in O2 debt (when running hard) until the debt is repaid (when you slow down) AP Biology ...
... This occurs in muscles in O2 debt (when running hard) until the debt is repaid (when you slow down) AP Biology ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Gluconeogenesis and starch/glycogen synthesis • In animals, lactate formed anaerobically in muscles is converted to glucose in liver and kidney and stored as glycogen or released as blood glucose. • In plants, G3P product of photosynthesis is converted to starch and stored in chloroplasts or conver ...
... Gluconeogenesis and starch/glycogen synthesis • In animals, lactate formed anaerobically in muscles is converted to glucose in liver and kidney and stored as glycogen or released as blood glucose. • In plants, G3P product of photosynthesis is converted to starch and stored in chloroplasts or conver ...
Chapter 6
... • Involves a series of redox reactions • Ultimately leads to the production of large amounts of ATP Laua Coronado ...
... • Involves a series of redox reactions • Ultimately leads to the production of large amounts of ATP Laua Coronado ...
LP - Columbia University
... not to miss the first golden words here, your muscles may need ATP faster than you can deliver oxygen to them for NADH2 oxidation, your muscles will be in an AN-AEROBIC state. And are many organisms that live in naturally anaerobic environments, in mud at the bottom of rivers, e.g. So let's first co ...
... not to miss the first golden words here, your muscles may need ATP faster than you can deliver oxygen to them for NADH2 oxidation, your muscles will be in an AN-AEROBIC state. And are many organisms that live in naturally anaerobic environments, in mud at the bottom of rivers, e.g. So let's first co ...
AHP Versus Iodine and Iodophors
... It is believed that oxidizing actives will not allow for resistance development when targeting organisms. Although solutions of iodine in alcohol and iodine in potassium iodide (e.g., Lugols solution) have been used for many years, these formulations have now largely been replaced by solubilized pre ...
... It is believed that oxidizing actives will not allow for resistance development when targeting organisms. Although solutions of iodine in alcohol and iodine in potassium iodide (e.g., Lugols solution) have been used for many years, these formulations have now largely been replaced by solubilized pre ...
Metabolism: Citric acid cycle
... Starting with acetyl CoA, what is the approximate yield of high-energy phosphate bonds (net ATP formed) via the glyoxylate route? ...
... Starting with acetyl CoA, what is the approximate yield of high-energy phosphate bonds (net ATP formed) via the glyoxylate route? ...
Chapter 8: Cellular Energy
... All of the chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as the cell’s metabolism. A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction is called a metabolic pathway. Metabolic pathways include two broad types: catabolic (ka tuh BAH lik) pathways ...
... All of the chemical reactions in a cell are referred to as the cell’s metabolism. A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction is called a metabolic pathway. Metabolic pathways include two broad types: catabolic (ka tuh BAH lik) pathways ...
EOC _SLE_ Review Worksheet
... Name the products of the citric acid cycle. What is the electron transport chain? ...
... Name the products of the citric acid cycle. What is the electron transport chain? ...
Coupling of electron and proton movement in
... in samples from higher plants [for a review see (Renger, 1997, 1999)]. The following table compiles the values of the activation energies EA,i and the kinetic isotope exchange effect kH,i/kD,i, where kH,i and kD,i are the rate constants for the oxidation of redox state Si in samples suspended in H2O ...
... in samples from higher plants [for a review see (Renger, 1997, 1999)]. The following table compiles the values of the activation energies EA,i and the kinetic isotope exchange effect kH,i/kD,i, where kH,i and kD,i are the rate constants for the oxidation of redox state Si in samples suspended in H2O ...
More Viruses-Bacteria-Evolution Practice Question 1
... A Correct. Some bacteria are decomposers. Decomposers break down organic materials and return nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to the soil. Plants need these nutrients in order to grow. Animals, in turn, get these nutrients by eating plants or by eating other animals. B Incorrect. Some ...
... A Correct. Some bacteria are decomposers. Decomposers break down organic materials and return nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to the soil. Plants need these nutrients in order to grow. Animals, in turn, get these nutrients by eating plants or by eating other animals. B Incorrect. Some ...
Metabolic processes of Methanococcus maripaludis and potential
... fact, this conversion enhances in the presence of free nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source due to prolonged cell growth. Given the global importance of GHG emissions and climate change, diazotrophy can be attractive for carbon capture and utilization applications from appropriately treated flue gas ...
... fact, this conversion enhances in the presence of free nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source due to prolonged cell growth. Given the global importance of GHG emissions and climate change, diazotrophy can be attractive for carbon capture and utilization applications from appropriately treated flue gas ...
Document
... Relate the shape of an enzyme to its function Describe how high temperatures affect enzymes Describe how enzymes work at different pH values Describe examples of enzymes that work outside of body cells, such as digestive enzymes, including details of where they are produced, where they go, and what ...
... Relate the shape of an enzyme to its function Describe how high temperatures affect enzymes Describe how enzymes work at different pH values Describe examples of enzymes that work outside of body cells, such as digestive enzymes, including details of where they are produced, where they go, and what ...
GOALS FOR LECTURE 7:
... Fates of pyruvate In most animal and plant cells, glycolysis is a prelude to the final stage of energy production, which occurs in the mitochondria. Pyruvate is imported into mitochondria, where it is converted into acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is an important building block in biosynthetic reactions. It ...
... Fates of pyruvate In most animal and plant cells, glycolysis is a prelude to the final stage of energy production, which occurs in the mitochondria. Pyruvate is imported into mitochondria, where it is converted into acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is an important building block in biosynthetic reactions. It ...
Spring 2016 Practice Final Exam w/ solution
... e (2 pts). How many ATP molecules are needed to fix a molecule of CO2 in (i) C3 plant (normal plant) and (ii) in a C4 plant? Ans: (i) 3 ATPs (ii) 5 ATPs f (2 pts). The net reaction for oxidative phosphorylation can be written as: 2NADH + 2H+ + O2 → 2H2O + 2NAD+ Write an analogous equation for the li ...
... e (2 pts). How many ATP molecules are needed to fix a molecule of CO2 in (i) C3 plant (normal plant) and (ii) in a C4 plant? Ans: (i) 3 ATPs (ii) 5 ATPs f (2 pts). The net reaction for oxidative phosphorylation can be written as: 2NADH + 2H+ + O2 → 2H2O + 2NAD+ Write an analogous equation for the li ...
Cell Respiration Review 1
... pathways. In some bacteria and muscle cells, pyruvate is converted into such products as (2) ________. In yeast cells it is converted into (3) ________ and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic pathways do not use oxygen as the final (4) ________ acceptor that ultimately drives the ATPforming machinery. Anaerob ...
... pathways. In some bacteria and muscle cells, pyruvate is converted into such products as (2) ________. In yeast cells it is converted into (3) ________ and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic pathways do not use oxygen as the final (4) ________ acceptor that ultimately drives the ATPforming machinery. Anaerob ...
Chem 150 quiz #6
... 17. What is the total net yield of ATP obtained when 5 glucose molecules are catabolized through glycolysis? (Note: The end product of glycolysis has not entered the TCA cycle yet.) a. 2 ATP b. 28 – 29 ATP c. 30 – 32 ATP d. 18 ATP e. none of the above 18. How many molecules of pyruvate would be obta ...
... 17. What is the total net yield of ATP obtained when 5 glucose molecules are catabolized through glycolysis? (Note: The end product of glycolysis has not entered the TCA cycle yet.) a. 2 ATP b. 28 – 29 ATP c. 30 – 32 ATP d. 18 ATP e. none of the above 18. How many molecules of pyruvate would be obta ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)