of Glycolysis
... • Phosphofructokinase‐ major control point; first enzyme “unique” to glycolysis • Pyruvate kinase •Phosphofructokinase responds to changes in: • Energy state of the cell (high ATP levels inhibit) • H+ concentration (high lactate levels inhibit) • Availability of alternate fuels such as fatty acids, ...
... • Phosphofructokinase‐ major control point; first enzyme “unique” to glycolysis • Pyruvate kinase •Phosphofructokinase responds to changes in: • Energy state of the cell (high ATP levels inhibit) • H+ concentration (high lactate levels inhibit) • Availability of alternate fuels such as fatty acids, ...
ATP - HEDCen Science
... • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt $$ • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce; meaning there is an O2 debt. This reaction is reversible when O2 is available. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., pub ...
... • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt $$ • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce; meaning there is an O2 debt. This reaction is reversible when O2 is available. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., pub ...
Biochemistry 2000 Sample Questions 4 RNA, Lipids, Membranes 1
... (d) A disaccharide building block of the polysaccharide amylose. (5) The transformed, standard free energy change for the formation of glucose-6phosphate from glucose and phosphate is +13.8 kJ/mol. Assuming T=37º C, are there any conditions under which this reaction will occur? If so, quantitatively ...
... (d) A disaccharide building block of the polysaccharide amylose. (5) The transformed, standard free energy change for the formation of glucose-6phosphate from glucose and phosphate is +13.8 kJ/mol. Assuming T=37º C, are there any conditions under which this reaction will occur? If so, quantitatively ...
Part I: Anatomical Homologies, continued
... Cytochrome c (Cyt c), which is found in the mitochondria of plants, animals, and even several unicellular organisms like yeast. Remember that mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all eukaryotes that generate energy for the cell to use in the form of ATP. Cytochrome c is an important pro ...
... Cytochrome c (Cyt c), which is found in the mitochondria of plants, animals, and even several unicellular organisms like yeast. Remember that mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all eukaryotes that generate energy for the cell to use in the form of ATP. Cytochrome c is an important pro ...
Lecture 2 Glycolysis
... • Pyruvate can be considered as the end product of glycolysis. • Pyruvate is used for biosynthesis of many amino acids • Can also be turned into other metabolites which enter other biosynthetic pathways • Pyruvate can undergo oxidative decarboxylation to make acetyl‐CoA, which is also widely used fo ...
... • Pyruvate can be considered as the end product of glycolysis. • Pyruvate is used for biosynthesis of many amino acids • Can also be turned into other metabolites which enter other biosynthetic pathways • Pyruvate can undergo oxidative decarboxylation to make acetyl‐CoA, which is also widely used fo ...
Final Review - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... The citric acid cycle - where electron carriers, NADH and FADH2, are made in the mitochondria Oxidative phosphorylation - this process occurs in the mitochondria, and uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the bulk of usable energy for the cell What happens in glycolysis? Over the course ...
... The citric acid cycle - where electron carriers, NADH and FADH2, are made in the mitochondria Oxidative phosphorylation - this process occurs in the mitochondria, and uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the bulk of usable energy for the cell What happens in glycolysis? Over the course ...
The Nitrogen Cycle
... 600°C, and with the use of a catalyst, atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen (usually derived from natural gas or petroleum) can be combined to form ammonia (NH3). Ammonia can be used directly as fertilizer, but most of its is further processed to urea and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). ...
... 600°C, and with the use of a catalyst, atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen (usually derived from natural gas or petroleum) can be combined to form ammonia (NH3). Ammonia can be used directly as fertilizer, but most of its is further processed to urea and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). ...
RespirationQuestions.doc - KS3, GCSE and A
... Q12.Researchers investigated the effect of cyanide on oxygen uptake by mitochondria. They prepared a suspension of mitochondria from animal cells and a suspension of mitochondria from plant cells. They placed the suspensions in separate flasks containing isotonic solution, started the timer and bega ...
... Q12.Researchers investigated the effect of cyanide on oxygen uptake by mitochondria. They prepared a suspension of mitochondria from animal cells and a suspension of mitochondria from plant cells. They placed the suspensions in separate flasks containing isotonic solution, started the timer and bega ...
Biochem19_Aerobic Respiration
... • Mitochondria have their own genetic information (DNA). • They make their own ribosomes that are very similar to those of bacteria. • The DNA and ribosomes allow the mitochondria to synthesize their own proteins. • Mitochondria are self-replicating. They grow in size and divide to produce new mitoc ...
... • Mitochondria have their own genetic information (DNA). • They make their own ribosomes that are very similar to those of bacteria. • The DNA and ribosomes allow the mitochondria to synthesize their own proteins. • Mitochondria are self-replicating. They grow in size and divide to produce new mitoc ...
5 Production of Microbial Biomass - Wiley-VCH
... term “Single Cell Protein (SCP)” was invented, and much information on these processes was published in a large number of journals (cf. References). The most important ...
... term “Single Cell Protein (SCP)” was invented, and much information on these processes was published in a large number of journals (cf. References). The most important ...
Environment Module 1_Ecological concepts
... Phosphorus1. constituent of cell membranes, certain proteins, all nucleic acids and nucleotides and ...
... Phosphorus1. constituent of cell membranes, certain proteins, all nucleic acids and nucleotides and ...
9-1 PowerPoint
... oxygen. Overall respiration - sugars + oxygen carbon dioxide + water. (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O Cellular respiration involves a series of controlled reactions that slowly release the energy stored in food. Three steps of respiration, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Gl ...
... oxygen. Overall respiration - sugars + oxygen carbon dioxide + water. (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O Cellular respiration involves a series of controlled reactions that slowly release the energy stored in food. Three steps of respiration, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Gl ...
CHAPTER 11
... Differences in the type of organisms may be due to differences in physical factors such as exposure to wave action, the type of rocky substrate (stability and other particulars of the surface including color: at low tide darker substrates may absorb more heat than light substrates), relative exposur ...
... Differences in the type of organisms may be due to differences in physical factors such as exposure to wave action, the type of rocky substrate (stability and other particulars of the surface including color: at low tide darker substrates may absorb more heat than light substrates), relative exposur ...
AKA TCA CYCLE, KREB`S CYCLE
... PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY 1. an alternative pathway for carbohydrate oxidation •also called hexose monophosphate shunt •operates to varying extents in different cells and tissues ...
... PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY 1. an alternative pathway for carbohydrate oxidation •also called hexose monophosphate shunt •operates to varying extents in different cells and tissues ...
Instructor`s Copy Lab Worksheet
... Horse and pigeon – both have 12 differences compared to humans 6. Is it possible that the two organisms you listed in question 7 are equally related to humans but not equally related to each other (HINT: are you sure that the amino acid differences in each organism’s cytochrome-c are the same)? EXPL ...
... Horse and pigeon – both have 12 differences compared to humans 6. Is it possible that the two organisms you listed in question 7 are equally related to humans but not equally related to each other (HINT: are you sure that the amino acid differences in each organism’s cytochrome-c are the same)? EXPL ...
lecture 6 ppt
... III. Steps of Respiration IV. Cellular Respiration A. Glycolysis B. Coenzyme Junction C. Citric Acid Cycle (aka Krebs/TCA cycle) D. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) ...
... III. Steps of Respiration IV. Cellular Respiration A. Glycolysis B. Coenzyme Junction C. Citric Acid Cycle (aka Krebs/TCA cycle) D. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) ...
Worked Example 20.1
... Acetyl-CoA is the substrate for the cycle. Along with GDP and CoA, the oxidized coenzymes NAD + and FAD might also be considered substrates, despite their status as coenzymes, because these substances cycle between the reduced and oxidized states. The products of the cycle are CO2 and the energy-ric ...
... Acetyl-CoA is the substrate for the cycle. Along with GDP and CoA, the oxidized coenzymes NAD + and FAD might also be considered substrates, despite their status as coenzymes, because these substances cycle between the reduced and oxidized states. The products of the cycle are CO2 and the energy-ric ...
Document
... THE NITROGEN CYCLE •Nitrogen (N) is an element like carbon. •All creatures need nitrogen to survive. •There are huge amounts of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (78%), but most animals and plants have no way of using it. It needs to be fixed (put into a biologically useful compound). •After it is fix ...
... THE NITROGEN CYCLE •Nitrogen (N) is an element like carbon. •All creatures need nitrogen to survive. •There are huge amounts of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (78%), but most animals and plants have no way of using it. It needs to be fixed (put into a biologically useful compound). •After it is fix ...
List of Possible Bacteria
... fermentation. Respiration uses an external electron acceptor, like oxygen (aerobic respiration) or some other exogenous source (anaerobic respiration) to generate high yields of ATP through complete oxidation of an organic compound. Fermentation, on the other hand, only partially oxidizes the substr ...
... fermentation. Respiration uses an external electron acceptor, like oxygen (aerobic respiration) or some other exogenous source (anaerobic respiration) to generate high yields of ATP through complete oxidation of an organic compound. Fermentation, on the other hand, only partially oxidizes the substr ...
citric acid cycle - usmle step 1 and 2 for android
... which in turn are required for the synthesis of other non essential amino acids purines and pyrimidines 2. Succinyl CoA is used for synthesis of porphyrins and heme 3. Mitochondrial citrate is transported to the cytosol where it is cleaved to provide acetyl CoA for the biosynthesis of fatty acids, s ...
... which in turn are required for the synthesis of other non essential amino acids purines and pyrimidines 2. Succinyl CoA is used for synthesis of porphyrins and heme 3. Mitochondrial citrate is transported to the cytosol where it is cleaved to provide acetyl CoA for the biosynthesis of fatty acids, s ...
C485 Exam I
... See figures 21.16 and 14.21 4. (10 Pts) What tag is used to label proteins for degradation? Show the first enzymatic reaction used to activate and form this tag. Comment on the energy requirements for this reaction. Why is this necessary? See figure 23.3. This reaction requires the equivalent of 2 A ...
... See figures 21.16 and 14.21 4. (10 Pts) What tag is used to label proteins for degradation? Show the first enzymatic reaction used to activate and form this tag. Comment on the energy requirements for this reaction. Why is this necessary? See figure 23.3. This reaction requires the equivalent of 2 A ...
Chapter 6 notes
... • Stage 3: Oxidativephosphorylation • As the electron transport chain passes electrons down the energy hill, it also pumps hydrogen ions (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, into the narrow intermembrane space, and produces a concentration gradient of H+ across the membrane. • In chemiosmos ...
... • Stage 3: Oxidativephosphorylation • As the electron transport chain passes electrons down the energy hill, it also pumps hydrogen ions (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, into the narrow intermembrane space, and produces a concentration gradient of H+ across the membrane. • In chemiosmos ...
RACC BIO Photosynthesis
... • Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide (inorganic) ...
... • Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide (inorganic) ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)