Chapt 6
... The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO2 ar ...
... The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO2 ar ...
E. Coli and Oxygen: A Motility Transition
... perform proteomic studies, the sudden change in bacterial motility suggests that the transition is not mediated by a change in protein expression. The motility may also be affected in the presence of other energy sources. For instance, Adler and co-workers [8,19] showed that serine is the only amino ...
... perform proteomic studies, the sudden change in bacterial motility suggests that the transition is not mediated by a change in protein expression. The motility may also be affected in the presence of other energy sources. For instance, Adler and co-workers [8,19] showed that serine is the only amino ...
23 Metabolism and Energy Production
... the citric acid cycle Increases when low levels of ATP or NAD+ activate isocitrate dehydrogenase. Decreases when high levels of ATP or NADH inhibit citrate synthetase (first step in cycle). ...
... the citric acid cycle Increases when low levels of ATP or NAD+ activate isocitrate dehydrogenase. Decreases when high levels of ATP or NADH inhibit citrate synthetase (first step in cycle). ...
Electron Spin and the Origin of Bio-homochirality I. Extant
... an alternative mechanism that the enatioselective synthesis is determined by the spin state of the electron transferred from the co-enzyme NAD(P)H. This mechanism is discussed in detail below. Spin is an intrinsic property of all fermions whose spin quantum numbers (ms) take half-integer values. For ...
... an alternative mechanism that the enatioselective synthesis is determined by the spin state of the electron transferred from the co-enzyme NAD(P)H. This mechanism is discussed in detail below. Spin is an intrinsic property of all fermions whose spin quantum numbers (ms) take half-integer values. For ...
File
... to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy ...
... to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy ...
What is the number of ATP made by Kreb`s cycle alone
... describe the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate such as glucose? ...
... describe the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate such as glucose? ...
... Choice B: Ms. Couchpotato begins a high intensity aerobics exercise program to lose weight. She also begins a high protein diet at the same time. Is it likely that she will be able to maintain her intense exercise program on this diet. Yes or No? Briefly support your answer by stating which pathways ...
The evolution of photosynthesis.again?
... of reductants; the presence of light; a light-harvesting mechanism to convert the light energy into chemical energy; and carboxylating enzymes. All were present on the early Earth. To provide the evolutionary pressure, organic carbon must be a scarce resource in contrast to inorganic carbon. The pro ...
... of reductants; the presence of light; a light-harvesting mechanism to convert the light energy into chemical energy; and carboxylating enzymes. All were present on the early Earth. To provide the evolutionary pressure, organic carbon must be a scarce resource in contrast to inorganic carbon. The pro ...
Answer Key (up to 3/21)
... 10.) What type of phosphorylation produces ATP in the ETC? a. Oxidative phosphorylation 11.) Outline the steps required to get electrons from both of the following molecules to Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone). ALSO include which complex of the ETC each is occurring in: 1.) NADH 2.) FADH2 a. In ETC complex 1 ...
... 10.) What type of phosphorylation produces ATP in the ETC? a. Oxidative phosphorylation 11.) Outline the steps required to get electrons from both of the following molecules to Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone). ALSO include which complex of the ETC each is occurring in: 1.) NADH 2.) FADH2 a. In ETC complex 1 ...
Ocean Habitats – The Intertidal Zone - Science
... 2. Each group should get a tray with sand, some rocks, and a variety (at least four or five) of small organisms or objects representing organisms. 3. Their goal is to experiment with the variety of organisms on each of the different substrates to see what adaptations might be useful for living on th ...
... 2. Each group should get a tray with sand, some rocks, and a variety (at least four or five) of small organisms or objects representing organisms. 3. Their goal is to experiment with the variety of organisms on each of the different substrates to see what adaptations might be useful for living on th ...
Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in
... The oxidation by microbes of long-chain alkanes, which are found in crude oil, is the subject of study because of concern about oil spills. In many bacteria, alkane, oxidation occurs within the outer membrane. A monooxygenase enzyme uses molecular oxygen and an oxidizable substrate, such as NADH, to ...
... The oxidation by microbes of long-chain alkanes, which are found in crude oil, is the subject of study because of concern about oil spills. In many bacteria, alkane, oxidation occurs within the outer membrane. A monooxygenase enzyme uses molecular oxygen and an oxidizable substrate, such as NADH, to ...
Oxidative Decarboxylation and Krebs Cycle
... Allosteric inhibition by Acetyl CoA and NADH Covalent regulation by a kinase and a phosphatase enzymes (phophorylated form of PDH is inactive, and dephosphorylated form is active) Insulin activates PDH complex (by stimulating the phosphatase enzyme), and Glucagon inhibits PDH complex (by stimulating ...
... Allosteric inhibition by Acetyl CoA and NADH Covalent regulation by a kinase and a phosphatase enzymes (phophorylated form of PDH is inactive, and dephosphorylated form is active) Insulin activates PDH complex (by stimulating the phosphatase enzyme), and Glucagon inhibits PDH complex (by stimulating ...
Document
... acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 • One of the carbons from pyruvate is released in CO2 • Two carbons are attached to coenzyme A and continue on to the Krebs cycle ...
... acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 • One of the carbons from pyruvate is released in CO2 • Two carbons are attached to coenzyme A and continue on to the Krebs cycle ...
Cell - My CCSD
... • Everything – whether it is a rock, frog, or flower – is made of substances called elements. ...
... • Everything – whether it is a rock, frog, or flower – is made of substances called elements. ...
lect5
... Nitrogen compounds in urine Urea - major nitrogen excretion product. NH4+ - produced in the kidney by deamination of glutamine. Reduces body acidity because the process removes protons. ...
... Nitrogen compounds in urine Urea - major nitrogen excretion product. NH4+ - produced in the kidney by deamination of glutamine. Reduces body acidity because the process removes protons. ...
CHAPTER 4: CELLULAR METABOLISM OBJECTIVES: 1. Compare
... additional descriptive terms, how energy is involved, whether bonds or formed or broken, and how water is involved. Also write a chemical reaction for each and give an example important in human metabolism. ...
... additional descriptive terms, how energy is involved, whether bonds or formed or broken, and how water is involved. Also write a chemical reaction for each and give an example important in human metabolism. ...
Metabolism Part II: The tricarboxylic acid (TCA), citric acid, or Krebs
... catalyzed by a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which contains three enzymes and five coenzymes. Two of the enzymes catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions (pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase), and the third catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group (dihydrolipoyl transacetylase). T ...
... catalyzed by a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which contains three enzymes and five coenzymes. Two of the enzymes catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions (pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase), and the third catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group (dihydrolipoyl transacetylase). T ...
b) Mole
... 21. Which byproduct gas is released when an acid reacts with metal? a) dioxygen b) dehydrogen c) dichlorine d) dinitrogen 22. According to Arrhenius , which ion is released from a substance so that it becomes Arrhenius base? a) H+ b) OH c) N3 d) O2 23. In H3 O+, there is coordinate covalent bond bet ...
... 21. Which byproduct gas is released when an acid reacts with metal? a) dioxygen b) dehydrogen c) dichlorine d) dinitrogen 22. According to Arrhenius , which ion is released from a substance so that it becomes Arrhenius base? a) H+ b) OH c) N3 d) O2 23. In H3 O+, there is coordinate covalent bond bet ...
Energy Pathways _Metabolism_in Cells Teacher notes
... C & H have about same affinity for valence electrons, but when methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, electrons end up farther away from the C and closer to the O, which are very electronegative ...
... C & H have about same affinity for valence electrons, but when methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, electrons end up farther away from the C and closer to the O, which are very electronegative ...
Pathways of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Glycolysis • Is the
... • In stage 2, because you have the creation of two 3 carbon molecules in stage 1 (GAP and DAP), you get 2 compounds for each step (that’s why you see a bracketed 2 in the diagram above) • In stage 2, you get a production of 4 ATP molecules • Overall, in glycolysis, you put 2 ATP molecules in for sta ...
... • In stage 2, because you have the creation of two 3 carbon molecules in stage 1 (GAP and DAP), you get 2 compounds for each step (that’s why you see a bracketed 2 in the diagram above) • In stage 2, you get a production of 4 ATP molecules • Overall, in glycolysis, you put 2 ATP molecules in for sta ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)