Oxygen - CriticalCareMedicine
... energy for the system. (G=H-TS) In order for living systems to carry out reactions that require a positive Gibbs energy, they must be coupled to a reaction that is energically favorable. If the total Gibbs energy for the two reactions is negative then the reactions can proceed. ...
... energy for the system. (G=H-TS) In order for living systems to carry out reactions that require a positive Gibbs energy, they must be coupled to a reaction that is energically favorable. If the total Gibbs energy for the two reactions is negative then the reactions can proceed. ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... Actual change in free energy (G) for each of these two reactions is very close to zero, and therefore both reactions are in fact reversible inside the cell. This is important for controlling flux through glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ...
... Actual change in free energy (G) for each of these two reactions is very close to zero, and therefore both reactions are in fact reversible inside the cell. This is important for controlling flux through glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ...
General Chemistry 110 Quiz 1
... Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are especially dependent on NADPH to maintain the tripeptide derivative glutathione in a reduced state. In this process . . . A. NADPH is reduced as glutathione is reduced B. NADPH is oxidized as glutathione is reduced C. None of the above ...
... Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are especially dependent on NADPH to maintain the tripeptide derivative glutathione in a reduced state. In this process . . . A. NADPH is reduced as glutathione is reduced B. NADPH is oxidized as glutathione is reduced C. None of the above ...
BURNERS AND FLAMES:
... One way of viewing the energy levels in an atom is by picturing a stairway. Each stair represents an energy level. Added energy can kick an electron up to a higher level like a ball could be kicked up to a higher step on a stairway. A ball that has been kicked up the stairs will fall back down the s ...
... One way of viewing the energy levels in an atom is by picturing a stairway. Each stair represents an energy level. Added energy can kick an electron up to a higher level like a ball could be kicked up to a higher step on a stairway. A ball that has been kicked up the stairs will fall back down the s ...
(key)
... 6. For integral proteins associated with cell membranes what type of amino acid residues would be found exclusively within the membrane. l\)0'1\ - ...
... 6. For integral proteins associated with cell membranes what type of amino acid residues would be found exclusively within the membrane. l\)0'1\ - ...
Lh6Ch14aGlycolPPP
... – The general thermodynamics of each reaction. – Other sugars entry to glycolysis. – What to do with Pyruvate? ...
... – The general thermodynamics of each reaction. – Other sugars entry to glycolysis. – What to do with Pyruvate? ...
03-232 Biochemistry Exam III - S2014 Name:________________________
... Instructions: This exam consists of 100 points on 6 pages. Please use the space provided to answer the question, or the back of the preceding page. In questions with choices, unless otherwise indicated all your answers will be graded and you will receive the best grade. Allot 1 min/2 points. 1. (5 p ...
... Instructions: This exam consists of 100 points on 6 pages. Please use the space provided to answer the question, or the back of the preceding page. In questions with choices, unless otherwise indicated all your answers will be graded and you will receive the best grade. Allot 1 min/2 points. 1. (5 p ...
Bioconversion Technologies
... the remaining stillage (residue non-fermentable solids and water). Distillation is the process in which a liquid or vapor mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity by the application or removal of heat. This process can usually produce a 95.6% by v ...
... the remaining stillage (residue non-fermentable solids and water). Distillation is the process in which a liquid or vapor mixture of two or more substances is separated into its component fractions of desired purity by the application or removal of heat. This process can usually produce a 95.6% by v ...
Physiology of the thermophilic acetogen Moorella - The Keep
... hexose, respectively). Although the acetyl-‐CoA pathway (i.e., reduction of 2 molecules of CO2 to acetate) does not increase the net gain in ATPSLP (1 ATP is consumed in the activation of formate, and ...
... hexose, respectively). Although the acetyl-‐CoA pathway (i.e., reduction of 2 molecules of CO2 to acetate) does not increase the net gain in ATPSLP (1 ATP is consumed in the activation of formate, and ...
Document
... ....various definitions of what is meant by oxidation and reduction. Familiarize yourself with each definition, but focus on those dealing with the loss/gain or shift of electrons ...difference of electron change during a redox reaction dealing with ions and the electron change during a redox re ...
... ....various definitions of what is meant by oxidation and reduction. Familiarize yourself with each definition, but focus on those dealing with the loss/gain or shift of electrons ...difference of electron change during a redox reaction dealing with ions and the electron change during a redox re ...
ppt-file
... producing lysine [4]. 2 modes only use glucose as a substrate (yield: ¾), five modes only use acetate, and 29 use both. The optimal lysine over glucose yield of ¾ coincides with earlier results obtained by metabolite balancing in [3]. It is understandable that the yield is lower than when ATP and AD ...
... producing lysine [4]. 2 modes only use glucose as a substrate (yield: ¾), five modes only use acetate, and 29 use both. The optimal lysine over glucose yield of ¾ coincides with earlier results obtained by metabolite balancing in [3]. It is understandable that the yield is lower than when ATP and AD ...
UAB DIVISION of Molecular and Cellular Pathology
... – Similar goals • Identify those molecules that make a difference between “treatments” ...
... – Similar goals • Identify those molecules that make a difference between “treatments” ...
RACC BIO Cellular respiration
... • The citric acid cycle completes the energyyielding oxidation of organic molecules • The citric acid cycle – Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion ...
... • The citric acid cycle completes the energyyielding oxidation of organic molecules • The citric acid cycle – Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion ...
Glucose Metabolism
... A. Glucose in the bloodstream comes from the digestion and/or from glycogen stored in the liver and muscle. B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. ...
... A. Glucose in the bloodstream comes from the digestion and/or from glycogen stored in the liver and muscle. B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. ...
Document
... a. Acetyl CoA combines with bicarbonate to form malonyl CoA, which reacts with ACP to form malonyl ACP. Acetyl CoA + HCO3− + ATP → malonyl CoA + ADP + Pi + H+ Malonyl CoA + HS—ACP → malonyl ACP + HS—CoA b. The enzyme for the first reaction is acetyl CoA carboxylase. The enzyme for the second reactio ...
... a. Acetyl CoA combines with bicarbonate to form malonyl CoA, which reacts with ACP to form malonyl ACP. Acetyl CoA + HCO3− + ATP → malonyl CoA + ADP + Pi + H+ Malonyl CoA + HS—ACP → malonyl ACP + HS—CoA b. The enzyme for the first reaction is acetyl CoA carboxylase. The enzyme for the second reactio ...
Toxicant Disposition and Metabolism
... • Most significant of all toxicant oxidation reactions. • Adds one atom of molecular oxygen to substrate, other atom becomes a reactive oxygen species (with potential for oxidative damage within the cell). • Very important in detoxication of many toxicants. • Most important for bioactivations: – car ...
... • Most significant of all toxicant oxidation reactions. • Adds one atom of molecular oxygen to substrate, other atom becomes a reactive oxygen species (with potential for oxidative damage within the cell). • Very important in detoxication of many toxicants. • Most important for bioactivations: – car ...
Biochemistry
... 4) Starvation or diabetes low enzyme activity. 5) PFK-activated by cAMP, AMP, Frc 6P, Pi and frc 2,6 bisP (in liver). ...
... 4) Starvation or diabetes low enzyme activity. 5) PFK-activated by cAMP, AMP, Frc 6P, Pi and frc 2,6 bisP (in liver). ...
DISCLAIMER: This lecture outline is intended to help you take notes
... - synthesis of new biomolecules for growth and repair - production of energy for various activities - metabolic strategies - sources of starting materials for biomolecules - autotrophic - biomolecules from inorganic compounds - e.g. CO2, H2O, NH3, NO3- heterotrophic - biomolecules from complex organ ...
... - synthesis of new biomolecules for growth and repair - production of energy for various activities - metabolic strategies - sources of starting materials for biomolecules - autotrophic - biomolecules from inorganic compounds - e.g. CO2, H2O, NH3, NO3- heterotrophic - biomolecules from complex organ ...
3-2014 BIOL 20 Microbiology
... critically analyze topics discussed in class. B. Construct a dichotomous key to seperate the following organisms: Anabaena, Anopholes, Balantidium coli, Clonorchis sinensis, Giardia lambia, Rhizopus stolonifera, Taenia pisiformis, Trichinella spiralis, Trypanosoma gambiense. C. Describe the processe ...
... critically analyze topics discussed in class. B. Construct a dichotomous key to seperate the following organisms: Anabaena, Anopholes, Balantidium coli, Clonorchis sinensis, Giardia lambia, Rhizopus stolonifera, Taenia pisiformis, Trichinella spiralis, Trypanosoma gambiense. C. Describe the processe ...
File - Mrs. LeCompte
... 4) ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation Highly exergonic 5) Molecule is rearranged 6) ATP is produced again by substrate-level phosphorylation Highly exergonic In Summary: Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ Net Gain: 2 ATP + 2 NADH ...
... 4) ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation Highly exergonic 5) Molecule is rearranged 6) ATP is produced again by substrate-level phosphorylation Highly exergonic In Summary: Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ Net Gain: 2 ATP + 2 NADH ...
13-Krebs cycle
... through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochem ...
... through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochem ...
cellular respiration
... ADP to+ form reduced to NADH H+ toATP. produce 5C •The first reaction, is removed. 4C water ...
... ADP to+ form reduced to NADH H+ toATP. produce 5C •The first reaction, is removed. 4C water ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)