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8-1 Energy and Life
Slide
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8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
The Photosynthesis Equation

The Photosynthesis Equation
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The equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO2 + 6H2O
Light
C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water Light
Light
sugars + oxygen
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Chloroplast
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Chloroplast – in plant cells only
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Structure – thylakoid membranes are
stacked; they contain pigments such
as chlorophyll
Function – convert solar energy
into chemical energy during
photosynthesis
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Inside a Chloroplast

Inside a Chloroplast
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In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside
chloroplasts.
Chloroplast
Plant cells
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Inside a Chloroplast

thylakoids—saclike membranes inside the
chloroplasts.
Single
thylakoid
Chloroplast
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Inside a Chloroplast

A stack of thylakoids is called a granum.
Granum
Chloroplast
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Inside a Chloroplast

Stroma
The fluid that fills the chloroplast and
surrounds the thylakoids is called the Stroma
Chloroplast
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Inside aH OChloroplast CO
2
2
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
Lightdependent
reactions
Calvin
Calvin
Cycle
cycle
Chloroplast
Sugars
O2
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Energy Transformation

ATP is called the "currency" of the cell
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ATP is a small packet of Energy that can be
used a little at a time, like coins
ATP is constantly reused and recycled
You can’t buy things without $$, cells can’t
work/move without Energy from ATP
Chemical Energy and ATP
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ATP consists of:

adenine

ribose (a 5-carbon sugar)
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3 phosphate groups (TP = tri phosphate)
Adenine
Ribose
ATP
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3 Phosphate groups
Chemical Energy and ATP
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Storing Energy
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ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three.
A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a
phosphate group to ADP.
ATP
ADP
+
Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP) + Phosphate
Partially
charged
battery
Energy
Energy
Fully
charged
battery
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical Energy and ATP
Releasing Energy

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Energy stored in ATP is released by breaking
the chemical bond between the second and
third phosphates.
2 Phosphate groups
P
ADP
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Light and Pigments
Estimated Absorption (%)

Chlorophyll absorbs light well in the blue-violet
and red regions of the visible spectrum.
100
80
60
40
20
0
(nm)
400 450 Wavelength
500 550 600
650 700 750
Wavelength (nm)
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Light and Pigments
Estimated Absorption (%)

Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green
region of the spectrum. Green light is reflected by
leaves, which is why plants look green.
100
80
60
40
20
0
Wavelength
400 450 500
550 600(nm)
650 700 750
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Photosynthesis

How do organisms make ATP to be
able to use it?
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From the energy stored in GLUCOSE
Photosynthesis turns solar Energy
into chemical Energy
Photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll pigments in chloroplasts use solar
energy to convert CO2 and H2O into O2 and
energy storing carbohydrates (glucose)
Done by green plants, protists like algae, and
some bacteria
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
 (opposite of cellular respiration)
Photosynthesis
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Two Reactions during
Photosynthesis
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Light reaction needs light & H2O and
makes ATP and oxygen
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These go to the Calvin Cycle
Coverts Sunlight into Chemical Energy
Dark reaction (Calvin Cycle) needs ATP,
CO2 and H2O & produces C6H12O6 and ADP
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Uses the products of the Light Reaction to
produce sugars (stored chemical energy)
Photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts
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Grana - stacks of folded thylakoid
membrane
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Light Reaction
Stroma - gel-like fluid
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Dark Reaction
What about the organisms that
don’t have chloroplasts? How do
they make energy?
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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Cellular respiration: Turns chemical
Energy (glucose) into usable
Energy (ATP)
Cells get Energy from breaking the bonds
of glucose molecules
 Occurs in the mitochondria of
ALL organisms (except Monera)
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Mitochondria
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Mitochondria
Structure – organelle with double
membranes; the inner membrane has
many folds
 Function – powerhouse of the cell;
cellular respiration (a chemical
reaction) uses glucose to produce
immediate energy in the form ATP
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Cellular Respiration
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Animals get glucose molecules from
eating
Plants and some protists and bacteria
get glucose from photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
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C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
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(opposite of photosynthesis)
A Road Map for Cellular Respiration
Cytosol
High-energy
electrons
carried
mainly by
NADH
High-energy
electrons
carried
by NADH
Glycolysis
Glucose
Krebs
Cycle
2
Pyruvic
acid
Mitochondrion
Electron
Transport
Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration has 2 PARTS that
NET 38 ATP
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1. Glycolysis - glucose splitting
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2. Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration
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makes 4 ATP total, but only NETS 2 ATP
**THIS IS ALWAYS THE FIRST STEP**
OR
2. Anaerobic
Respiration/Fermentation
Cellular Respiration
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Glycolysis
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1. occurs in the cytoplasm
2. no O2 is needed for this part
3. E in the form of 2 ATP are used to break
1 glucose
4. releases 4 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid or
pyruvate molecules are formed
5. 1 glucose yields 4 ATP, but 2 are needed
to start the process (therefore, there is a
net gain of 2 ATP)
Cellular Respiration

Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration
1. occurs with O2 in the mitochondria
 2. aerobic respiration makes a total of
36 ATP
 3. it occurs in 2 steps
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Cellular Respiration
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Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration
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1st Step – Krebs Cycle or citric acid cycle (series of reactions)
(MAKES 2 ATP)
 1. 1 pyruvate from glycolysis goes from cytoplasm to
mitochondria
 2. 2 carbons leave in the form of 2 CO2 molecules
+ are converted to NADH (NADH =
 3. 3 molecules of NAD
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
 4. 1 molecule of FAD is converted to FADH2
 (FADH2 = flavin adenine dinucleotide)
 5. 1 molecule of GDP or GFP converted to GTP to make
ATP
 6. for each glucose there are 2 turns through the
Krebs Cycle
Cellular Respiration
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Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration
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2nd Step - Electron transport chain (MAKES
up to 34 ATP)
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1. high E e- from NADH and FADH2 are passed to
series of enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane
2. at the end of the chain, an enzyme combines
electrons from the chain
3. with H ions from the cells fluid and O2 to form
H2O.
4. O2 is the final electron acceptor, therefore O2 is
necessary for obtaining E from NADH and FADH2
Adding up the ATP from Cellular Respiration
Mitochondrion
Glycolysis
Glucose
2
Pyruvic
acid
2
AcetylCoA
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Maximum
per
glucose:
by direct
synthesis
by
direct
synthesis
by
ATP
synthase
Cellular Respiration
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Anaerobic
Respiration/Fermentation
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occurs right after glycolysis only if there is
NO OXYGEN available
alcoholic fermentation - used to make
wine, beer, breads
lactic acid fermentation - occurs in muscles
when lactic acid builds up; muscles don't
work well; cramps last even after exercise
stops because it’s made faster than it’s
broken down
ATP Summary
Steps
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
Electron
Transport Chain
Total Energy
Yield
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
ATP Summary
Steps
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
Electron
Transport Chain
Total Energy
Yield
AEROBIC
2 ATP
ANAEROBIC
ATP Summary
Steps
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
Electron
Transport Chain
Total Energy
Yield
AEROBIC
2 ATP
Not a Part of
This Process
ANAEROBIC
ATP Summary
Steps
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
Electron
Transport Chain
Total Energy
Yield
AEROBIC
2 ATP
Not a Part of
This Process
2 ATP
ANAEROBIC
ATP Summary
Steps
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
Electron
Transport Chain
Total Energy
Yield
AEROBIC
2 ATP
Not a Part of
This Process
2 ATP
34 ATP
ANAEROBIC
ATP Summary
Steps
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
Electron
Transport Chain
Total Energy
Yield
AEROBIC
2 ATP
Not a Part of
This Process
2 ATP
34 ATP
38 ATP
ANAEROBIC
ATP Summary
Steps
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
Electron
Transport Chain
Total Energy
Yield
AEROBIC
2 ATP
Not a Part of
This Process
2 ATP
34 ATP
38 ATP
ANAEROBIC
2 ATP
ATP Summary
Steps
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
2 ATP
2 ATP
Not a Part of
This Process
0 ATP
Krebs Cycle
2 ATP
Electron
Transport Chain
34 ATP
Total Energy
Yield
38 ATP
ATP Summary
Steps
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
2 ATP
2 ATP
Not a Part of
This Process
0 ATP
Krebs Cycle
2 ATP
Not a Part of this
Process
Electron
Transport Chain
34 ATP
Total Energy
Yield
38 ATP
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
ATP Summary
Steps
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
2 ATP
2 ATP
Not a Part of
This Process
0 ATP
2 ATP
Not a Part of this
Process
Electron
Transport Chain
34 ATP
Not a Part of this
Process
Total Energy
Yield
38 ATP
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
ATP Summary
Steps
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
2 ATP
2 ATP
Not a Part of
This Process
0 ATP
2 ATP
Not a Part of this
Process
Electron
Transport Chain
34 ATP
Not a Part of this
Process
Total Energy
Yield
38 ATP
2 ATP
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Krebs Cycle
Sunlight
energy
Ecosystem
Photosynthesis
(in chloroplasts)
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water
Cellular respiration
(in mitochondria)
for cellular work
Heat energy
Photosynthesis/Cellular
Respiration
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Photosynthesis occurs in Producers
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Sun + CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
Reactants = Sun Light, Carbon Dioxide, and Water
Products = Glucose and Oxygen
Cellular Respiration occurs in Producers
and consumers - all organisms
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C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
Reactants = Glucose and Oxygen
Products = Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Energy