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8-1 Energy and Life Slide 1 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview The Photosynthesis Equation The Photosynthesis Equation The equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O Light C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water Light Light sugars + oxygen Slide 2 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview Chloroplast Chloroplast – in plant cells only Structure – thylakoid membranes are stacked; they contain pigments such as chlorophyll Function – convert solar energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis Slide 3 of 28 Inside a Chloroplast Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Chloroplast Plant cells Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast thylakoids—saclike membranes inside the chloroplasts. Single thylakoid Chloroplast Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. Granum Chloroplast Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside a Chloroplast Stroma The fluid that fills the chloroplast and surrounds the thylakoids is called the Stroma Chloroplast Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inside aH OChloroplast CO 2 2 Light NADP+ ADP + P Lightdependent reactions Calvin Calvin Cycle cycle Chloroplast Sugars O2 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy Transformation ATP is called the "currency" of the cell ATP is a small packet of Energy that can be used a little at a time, like coins ATP is constantly reused and recycled You can’t buy things without $$, cells can’t work/move without Energy from ATP Chemical Energy and ATP ATP consists of: adenine ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) 3 phosphate groups (TP = tri phosphate) Adenine Ribose ATP Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3 Phosphate groups Chemical Energy and ATP Storing Energy ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP. ATP ADP + Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Partially charged battery Energy Energy Fully charged battery Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Chemical Energy and ATP Releasing Energy Energy stored in ATP is released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates. 2 Phosphate groups P ADP Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light and Pigments Estimated Absorption (%) Chlorophyll absorbs light well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum. 100 80 60 40 20 0 (nm) 400 450 Wavelength 500 550 600 650 700 750 Wavelength (nm) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Light and Pigments Estimated Absorption (%) Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum. Green light is reflected by leaves, which is why plants look green. 100 80 60 40 20 0 Wavelength 400 450 500 550 600(nm) 650 700 750 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Photosynthesis How do organisms make ATP to be able to use it? From the energy stored in GLUCOSE Photosynthesis turns solar Energy into chemical Energy Photosynthesis Chlorophyll pigments in chloroplasts use solar energy to convert CO2 and H2O into O2 and energy storing carbohydrates (glucose) Done by green plants, protists like algae, and some bacteria CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 (opposite of cellular respiration) Photosynthesis Two Reactions during Photosynthesis Light reaction needs light & H2O and makes ATP and oxygen These go to the Calvin Cycle Coverts Sunlight into Chemical Energy Dark reaction (Calvin Cycle) needs ATP, CO2 and H2O & produces C6H12O6 and ADP Uses the products of the Light Reaction to produce sugars (stored chemical energy) Photosynthesis Chloroplasts Grana - stacks of folded thylakoid membrane Light Reaction Stroma - gel-like fluid Dark Reaction What about the organisms that don’t have chloroplasts? How do they make energy? Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration: Turns chemical Energy (glucose) into usable Energy (ATP) Cells get Energy from breaking the bonds of glucose molecules Occurs in the mitochondria of ALL organisms (except Monera) Mitochondria Mitochondria Structure – organelle with double membranes; the inner membrane has many folds Function – powerhouse of the cell; cellular respiration (a chemical reaction) uses glucose to produce immediate energy in the form ATP Cellular Respiration Animals get glucose molecules from eating Plants and some protists and bacteria get glucose from photosynthesis Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP (opposite of photosynthesis) A Road Map for Cellular Respiration Cytosol High-energy electrons carried mainly by NADH High-energy electrons carried by NADH Glycolysis Glucose Krebs Cycle 2 Pyruvic acid Mitochondrion Electron Transport Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration has 2 PARTS that NET 38 ATP 1. Glycolysis - glucose splitting 2. Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration makes 4 ATP total, but only NETS 2 ATP **THIS IS ALWAYS THE FIRST STEP** OR 2. Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation Cellular Respiration Glycolysis 1. occurs in the cytoplasm 2. no O2 is needed for this part 3. E in the form of 2 ATP are used to break 1 glucose 4. releases 4 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid or pyruvate molecules are formed 5. 1 glucose yields 4 ATP, but 2 are needed to start the process (therefore, there is a net gain of 2 ATP) Cellular Respiration Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration 1. occurs with O2 in the mitochondria 2. aerobic respiration makes a total of 36 ATP 3. it occurs in 2 steps Cellular Respiration Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration 1st Step – Krebs Cycle or citric acid cycle (series of reactions) (MAKES 2 ATP) 1. 1 pyruvate from glycolysis goes from cytoplasm to mitochondria 2. 2 carbons leave in the form of 2 CO2 molecules + are converted to NADH (NADH = 3. 3 molecules of NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) 4. 1 molecule of FAD is converted to FADH2 (FADH2 = flavin adenine dinucleotide) 5. 1 molecule of GDP or GFP converted to GTP to make ATP 6. for each glucose there are 2 turns through the Krebs Cycle Cellular Respiration Aerobic/Oxidative Respiration 2nd Step - Electron transport chain (MAKES up to 34 ATP) 1. high E e- from NADH and FADH2 are passed to series of enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane 2. at the end of the chain, an enzyme combines electrons from the chain 3. with H ions from the cells fluid and O2 to form H2O. 4. O2 is the final electron acceptor, therefore O2 is necessary for obtaining E from NADH and FADH2 Adding up the ATP from Cellular Respiration Mitochondrion Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 2 AcetylCoA Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Maximum per glucose: by direct synthesis by direct synthesis by ATP synthase Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation occurs right after glycolysis only if there is NO OXYGEN available alcoholic fermentation - used to make wine, beer, breads lactic acid fermentation - occurs in muscles when lactic acid builds up; muscles don't work well; cramps last even after exercise stops because it’s made faster than it’s broken down ATP Summary Steps Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total Energy Yield AEROBIC ANAEROBIC ATP Summary Steps Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total Energy Yield AEROBIC 2 ATP ANAEROBIC ATP Summary Steps Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total Energy Yield AEROBIC 2 ATP Not a Part of This Process ANAEROBIC ATP Summary Steps Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total Energy Yield AEROBIC 2 ATP Not a Part of This Process 2 ATP ANAEROBIC ATP Summary Steps Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total Energy Yield AEROBIC 2 ATP Not a Part of This Process 2 ATP 34 ATP ANAEROBIC ATP Summary Steps Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total Energy Yield AEROBIC 2 ATP Not a Part of This Process 2 ATP 34 ATP 38 ATP ANAEROBIC ATP Summary Steps Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total Energy Yield AEROBIC 2 ATP Not a Part of This Process 2 ATP 34 ATP 38 ATP ANAEROBIC 2 ATP ATP Summary Steps Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation AEROBIC ANAEROBIC 2 ATP 2 ATP Not a Part of This Process 0 ATP Krebs Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain 34 ATP Total Energy Yield 38 ATP ATP Summary Steps AEROBIC ANAEROBIC 2 ATP 2 ATP Not a Part of This Process 0 ATP Krebs Cycle 2 ATP Not a Part of this Process Electron Transport Chain 34 ATP Total Energy Yield 38 ATP Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation ATP Summary Steps AEROBIC ANAEROBIC 2 ATP 2 ATP Not a Part of This Process 0 ATP 2 ATP Not a Part of this Process Electron Transport Chain 34 ATP Not a Part of this Process Total Energy Yield 38 ATP Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle ATP Summary Steps AEROBIC ANAEROBIC 2 ATP 2 ATP Not a Part of This Process 0 ATP 2 ATP Not a Part of this Process Electron Transport Chain 34 ATP Not a Part of this Process Total Energy Yield 38 ATP 2 ATP Glycolysis Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle Sunlight energy Ecosystem Photosynthesis (in chloroplasts) Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Cellular respiration (in mitochondria) for cellular work Heat energy Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis occurs in Producers Sun + CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Reactants = Sun Light, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Products = Glucose and Oxygen Cellular Respiration occurs in Producers and consumers - all organisms C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP Reactants = Glucose and Oxygen Products = Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Energy