Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
... acids from their diet. Humans can only synthesize about half of the twenty amino acids. • In general, the more complex amino acids are essential amino acids in humans as they require enzymes that have been lost from the human genome over evolutionary time. • Most animals are much more restricted in ...
... acids from their diet. Humans can only synthesize about half of the twenty amino acids. • In general, the more complex amino acids are essential amino acids in humans as they require enzymes that have been lost from the human genome over evolutionary time. • Most animals are much more restricted in ...
High Energy compounds
... • ATP holds an intermediate rank in HEP. • ATP is uniquely situated between the very high energy phosphates synthesized in the breakdown of fuel molecules and the numerous lower-energy acceptor molecules that are phosphorylated in the course of further metabolic reactions. • ADP can accept both phos ...
... • ATP holds an intermediate rank in HEP. • ATP is uniquely situated between the very high energy phosphates synthesized in the breakdown of fuel molecules and the numerous lower-energy acceptor molecules that are phosphorylated in the course of further metabolic reactions. • ADP can accept both phos ...
Cellular Respiration
... - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is only abou ...
... - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is only abou ...
Energy Systems
... exercise. Anaerobic Glycolysis refers to the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis) to pyruvate, which in the absence of O2, is converted to lactic acid. In muscle fibers, glucose is made available through the breakdown of muscle glycogen stores. Anaerobic glycolysis is not limited by the availability of ...
... exercise. Anaerobic Glycolysis refers to the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis) to pyruvate, which in the absence of O2, is converted to lactic acid. In muscle fibers, glucose is made available through the breakdown of muscle glycogen stores. Anaerobic glycolysis is not limited by the availability of ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate. ...
... Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate. ...
composition changes with age of plaque
... The pH rise factor in saliva (sialin) which is a basic peptide containing Arg. It accelerate glucose uptake by salivary organisms, increase acid production & the formation of CO2 & base. The effect is obvious at low sugar conc. At high sugar conc. (>.5%) the effect is masked by increased acid produc ...
... The pH rise factor in saliva (sialin) which is a basic peptide containing Arg. It accelerate glucose uptake by salivary organisms, increase acid production & the formation of CO2 & base. The effect is obvious at low sugar conc. At high sugar conc. (>.5%) the effect is masked by increased acid produc ...
biomolecules
... The other type of macromolecule that one would find in the acid insoluble fraction of any living tissue is the nucleic acid. These are polynucleotides. Together with polysaccharides and polypeptides these comprise the true macromolecular fraction of any living tissue or cell. For nucleic acids, the ...
... The other type of macromolecule that one would find in the acid insoluble fraction of any living tissue is the nucleic acid. These are polynucleotides. Together with polysaccharides and polypeptides these comprise the true macromolecular fraction of any living tissue or cell. For nucleic acids, the ...
Ecosystems - NGSS Michigan
... progresses to explanations and designs that are supported by multiple and independent studentgenerated sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories. • Construct and revise an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (includ ...
... progresses to explanations and designs that are supported by multiple and independent studentgenerated sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories. • Construct and revise an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (includ ...
Oxidation – Reduction Reactions
... Electrochemistry: the study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy Redox reaction: involves a transfer of electrons from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent Oxidation: involves a loss of electrons (an increase in the oxidation number) Reduction: involves a gain of electrons (a de ...
... Electrochemistry: the study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy Redox reaction: involves a transfer of electrons from the reducing agent to the oxidizing agent Oxidation: involves a loss of electrons (an increase in the oxidation number) Reduction: involves a gain of electrons (a de ...
Cellular Respiration G! Cellular Respiration
... product of glycolysis. Glycolysis produces energy, which is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules. Glycolysis results in a net production of two ATP molecules. 4. Observe: Click Next. What happens now? _______________________________________ 5. Observe: Click Next. What happen ...
... product of glycolysis. Glycolysis produces energy, which is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules. Glycolysis results in a net production of two ATP molecules. 4. Observe: Click Next. What happens now? _______________________________________ 5. Observe: Click Next. What happen ...
What do you know about Cellular Respiration?
... and harvest chemical energy of food In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration Cellular respiration pro ...
... and harvest chemical energy of food In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration Cellular respiration pro ...
Print out Reviews # 1 through # 17
... 6. Round off each of the following measurements to 3 significant figures. (A) 98.473 L (B) 12.17 oC (C) 0.00076321 kg (D) 7.485 x 104 mm (E) 57.048 m (F) 1764.9 mL 7. Distinguish between accuracy and precision of a measurement. 8. A technician experimentally determined the boiling point of octane as ...
... 6. Round off each of the following measurements to 3 significant figures. (A) 98.473 L (B) 12.17 oC (C) 0.00076321 kg (D) 7.485 x 104 mm (E) 57.048 m (F) 1764.9 mL 7. Distinguish between accuracy and precision of a measurement. 8. A technician experimentally determined the boiling point of octane as ...
Lecture Topic: Fatty Acid Synthesis
... nucleic acids and many other molecules Biologically available nitrogen is scarce Nitrogen incorporation begins with fixation (reduction) of N2 by prokaryotic microorganisms to form ammonia (NH3) Nitrogen supply is often the rate-limiting factor in plant growth Nitrogen is assimilated by conversion i ...
... nucleic acids and many other molecules Biologically available nitrogen is scarce Nitrogen incorporation begins with fixation (reduction) of N2 by prokaryotic microorganisms to form ammonia (NH3) Nitrogen supply is often the rate-limiting factor in plant growth Nitrogen is assimilated by conversion i ...
Chapter 9 Notes
... – Can produce ATP with or without oxygen, in aerobic or anaerobic conditions – Couples with fermentation to produce ATP ...
... – Can produce ATP with or without oxygen, in aerobic or anaerobic conditions – Couples with fermentation to produce ATP ...
Oxidation of Carbohydrate
... • Phosphocreatine (PCr): ATP recycling – PCr + creatine kinase Cr + Pi + energy – PCr energy cannot be used for cellular work – PCr energy can be used to reassemble ATP ...
... • Phosphocreatine (PCr): ATP recycling – PCr + creatine kinase Cr + Pi + energy – PCr energy cannot be used for cellular work – PCr energy can be used to reassemble ATP ...
Can you describe the various methods of cell membrane transport?
... Much of the text material is from, “Essential Biology with Physiology” by Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, and Eric J. Simon (2004 and 2008). I don’t claim authorship. Other sources are noted when they are used. ...
... Much of the text material is from, “Essential Biology with Physiology” by Neil A. Campbell, Jane B. Reece, and Eric J. Simon (2004 and 2008). I don’t claim authorship. Other sources are noted when they are used. ...
the Citric Acid cycle
... Remember, also, that an NADH molecule is also produced by the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. Two carbons enter, two carbons leave. This has huge repercussions: o Any removal of material from the cycle to form other molecules depletes the cycle. The cycle can then no longer operate at opti ...
... Remember, also, that an NADH molecule is also produced by the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. Two carbons enter, two carbons leave. This has huge repercussions: o Any removal of material from the cycle to form other molecules depletes the cycle. The cycle can then no longer operate at opti ...
Chapter 9 Powerpoint
... • Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle produce only 4 ATP molecules per glucose molecule; 2 net ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from the citric acid cycle. At this point, molecules of NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from the glucose. The electron escorts link glycolysis and the ...
... • Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle produce only 4 ATP molecules per glucose molecule; 2 net ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP from the citric acid cycle. At this point, molecules of NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from the glucose. The electron escorts link glycolysis and the ...
Lipid Biosynthesis
... C) Reduction. D) Dehydration. 3. Which of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes? A) Carboxylation of acetyl CoA. B) Transportation of mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytosol. C) Assembly of the fatty acid chain. D) All of the above. ...
... C) Reduction. D) Dehydration. 3. Which of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes? A) Carboxylation of acetyl CoA. B) Transportation of mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytosol. C) Assembly of the fatty acid chain. D) All of the above. ...
Jennifer Atkinson October 14, 2013 HUN 3230 Section 81944
... molecules are released. Since the two carbon dioxide molecules get released, the six-carbon citric acid molecule is then made into a oxaloacetic acid molecule, which cycles back through to meet up with another Acetyl CoA molecule and the Krebs cycle continues on (Table 2). From the Krebs cycle, six ...
... molecules are released. Since the two carbon dioxide molecules get released, the six-carbon citric acid molecule is then made into a oxaloacetic acid molecule, which cycles back through to meet up with another Acetyl CoA molecule and the Krebs cycle continues on (Table 2). From the Krebs cycle, six ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 30: Ion pumps in the membrane
... The overall structure is ααββ. The α subunits (1000 amino acids) have 8 transmembrane helices each, plus a large cytoplasmic ATPase domain. Each α subunit appears to be a complete functional unit, and the purpose of the dimer and the β subunit (300 amino acids, mostly exposed on the exterior) is not ...
... The overall structure is ααββ. The α subunits (1000 amino acids) have 8 transmembrane helices each, plus a large cytoplasmic ATPase domain. Each α subunit appears to be a complete functional unit, and the purpose of the dimer and the β subunit (300 amino acids, mostly exposed on the exterior) is not ...
Chapter Fourteen: Metabolism: Basic Concepts and
... A) the conversion of succinate to fumarate using FAD. B) the addition of carbon dioxide to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. C) the conversion of citrate to isocitrate. D) the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. E) none of the above. Answer: A 26. An example of an isomerization reaction would be A) the conve ...
... A) the conversion of succinate to fumarate using FAD. B) the addition of carbon dioxide to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. C) the conversion of citrate to isocitrate. D) the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. E) none of the above. Answer: A 26. An example of an isomerization reaction would be A) the conve ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)