video slide
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
Novel nucleotide diversity of succinate thiokinase
... The nucleotide specificity of succinate thiokinase (STK) from a variety of sources has been studied (Palmer & Wedding. 1966; McClellan & Ottaway, 1980; Weitzman & Jaskowska-Hodges, 1982). Gram-negative bacteria can utilize both adenine and guanine nucleotides (ADP/ATP and G D P G T P ) on a single ' ...
... The nucleotide specificity of succinate thiokinase (STK) from a variety of sources has been studied (Palmer & Wedding. 1966; McClellan & Ottaway, 1980; Weitzman & Jaskowska-Hodges, 1982). Gram-negative bacteria can utilize both adenine and guanine nucleotides (ADP/ATP and G D P G T P ) on a single ' ...
2.8 Respiration - biology4friends
... S1 Analysis of results from experiments involving measurement of respiration rates in germinating seeds or invertebrates using a respirometer. & Nature of Science: Assessing the ethics of scientific research—the use of invertebrates in respirometer experiments has ethical implications. (4.5) Respiro ...
... S1 Analysis of results from experiments involving measurement of respiration rates in germinating seeds or invertebrates using a respirometer. & Nature of Science: Assessing the ethics of scientific research—the use of invertebrates in respirometer experiments has ethical implications. (4.5) Respiro ...
UNIT 5 I. Energy and the Cell Module 5.1 Energy is the capacity to
... three-carbon lactic acid molecule. Although the accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue in animals, it is less toxic than alcohol and can be removed from the affected cells and detoxified by the liver with the Cori cycle (Figure 6.13A). C. Alcoholic fermentation, characteristic of some yea ...
... three-carbon lactic acid molecule. Although the accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue in animals, it is less toxic than alcohol and can be removed from the affected cells and detoxified by the liver with the Cori cycle (Figure 6.13A). C. Alcoholic fermentation, characteristic of some yea ...
elements of chemistry unit
... One type of chemical reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one species (species means atoms or groups of atoms) to another. REDOX REACTIONS These reactions are called oxidation reduction reactions. REDOX REACTIONS The species that loses electrons is oxidized and the species gaining electr ...
... One type of chemical reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one species (species means atoms or groups of atoms) to another. REDOX REACTIONS These reactions are called oxidation reduction reactions. REDOX REACTIONS The species that loses electrons is oxidized and the species gaining electr ...
Enzymes
... 2) They may have a non-protein coat called a co-enzyme The coenzyme helps the enzyme function properly and without it, some enzymes may not be able to function at ...
... 2) They may have a non-protein coat called a co-enzyme The coenzyme helps the enzyme function properly and without it, some enzymes may not be able to function at ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
... •Insensitive to Cyanide, Azide or CO •Sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid,) •Also found in fungi, trypanosomes & Plasmodium ...
Chapter 6
... ATP is formed in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation during which – an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and – ATP is formed. ...
... ATP is formed in glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation during which – an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP and – ATP is formed. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
... – is an important enzyme in oxidizing glucose, – accepts electrons, and ...
... – is an important enzyme in oxidizing glucose, – accepts electrons, and ...
Bioener Notes - MacsScienceSpace
... In one minute a working muscle cell uses 10,000,000 ATP molecules. That is the cell's entire supply, so ADP must be recycled into ATP. Produce 125lbs of ATP per day. Blue Whale makes 5 tons/day. Even resting in bed, you use 20 kg of ATP every 24 hours! ...
... In one minute a working muscle cell uses 10,000,000 ATP molecules. That is the cell's entire supply, so ADP must be recycled into ATP. Produce 125lbs of ATP per day. Blue Whale makes 5 tons/day. Even resting in bed, you use 20 kg of ATP every 24 hours! ...
Alpha oxidation
... • They are disorders metabolism of fatty acids, branched chain and aromatic amino acids and citric acid cycle. • The incidence of medium chain acyl coA dehydrogenase deficiency is about 1 in 2500 live birth, and is the second most common inborn error of metabolism. • They are all characterised by th ...
... • They are disorders metabolism of fatty acids, branched chain and aromatic amino acids and citric acid cycle. • The incidence of medium chain acyl coA dehydrogenase deficiency is about 1 in 2500 live birth, and is the second most common inborn error of metabolism. • They are all characterised by th ...
The bioinorganic chemistry of the ancient ocean: The co
... environments in the Archean is the discovery in bitumens from rocks as old as 2.78 Ga of organic biomarkers apparently derived from lipids used by cyanobacteria and eukaryotes in the cell membranes.” – “Raymond and Blankenship found that of 473 O2-dependent enzymatically catalyzed reactions…. 20 hav ...
... environments in the Archean is the discovery in bitumens from rocks as old as 2.78 Ga of organic biomarkers apparently derived from lipids used by cyanobacteria and eukaryotes in the cell membranes.” – “Raymond and Blankenship found that of 473 O2-dependent enzymatically catalyzed reactions…. 20 hav ...
Cellular respiration
... • Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the m ...
... • Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the m ...
5-17_MICROBES_AND_ INDUSTRY
... In dry milling, the entire starchy grain kernel is first ground into flour, which is referred to in the industry as "meal" and processed without separating out the various component parts of the grain. The meal is slurried with water to form a "mash." Enzymes are added to the mash to convert the sta ...
... In dry milling, the entire starchy grain kernel is first ground into flour, which is referred to in the industry as "meal" and processed without separating out the various component parts of the grain. The meal is slurried with water to form a "mash." Enzymes are added to the mash to convert the sta ...
The bright and the dark side of the rumen
... health concern in edible tissues or to have a negative impact on the environment. Some of these substances are listed with upper limits which must not be exceeded (e.g. aflatoxin B1, polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins [PCDDs] and polychlorinated dibenzofurans [PCDFs]), while for others guiding val ...
... health concern in edible tissues or to have a negative impact on the environment. Some of these substances are listed with upper limits which must not be exceeded (e.g. aflatoxin B1, polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins [PCDDs] and polychlorinated dibenzofurans [PCDFs]), while for others guiding val ...
citric acid cycle
... and eventually to O2. The structures I through IV are enzyme complexes that catalyze portions of the electron transfer to oxygen. Fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase feeds electrons into an electrontransferring flavoprotein (ETFP) containing an iron-sulfur center, which in turn reduces a lipidsoluble elect ...
... and eventually to O2. The structures I through IV are enzyme complexes that catalyze portions of the electron transfer to oxygen. Fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase feeds electrons into an electrontransferring flavoprotein (ETFP) containing an iron-sulfur center, which in turn reduces a lipidsoluble elect ...
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Lesson Overview
... 1. (a) What are the major elements of life? Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). Remember CHONPS! (b) What properties of carbon explain carbon’s ability to form different large and complex structures? Carbon atoms can bond to many other elements. They c ...
... 1. (a) What are the major elements of life? Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). Remember CHONPS! (b) What properties of carbon explain carbon’s ability to form different large and complex structures? Carbon atoms can bond to many other elements. They c ...
Ecological Modeler - Division of Instruction and Accountability
... each indicator, or developing models that demonstrate a combination of the understanding required by the indicators (high rigor). Having students create a model as an engagement at the beginning of instruction on this unit, and allowing them to modify these models to demonstrate new learning as the ...
... each indicator, or developing models that demonstrate a combination of the understanding required by the indicators (high rigor). Having students create a model as an engagement at the beginning of instruction on this unit, and allowing them to modify these models to demonstrate new learning as the ...
Selenium
... Selenite is metabolized by glutathione (GSH) or glutathione reductase to hydrogen selenide (H2Se) via selenodiglutathione and glutathionyselenol intermediates. Hydrogen Selenide (H2Se) is enzymatically methylated by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as methyl donor, resulting in the formation of mono-, di- ...
... Selenite is metabolized by glutathione (GSH) or glutathione reductase to hydrogen selenide (H2Se) via selenodiglutathione and glutathionyselenol intermediates. Hydrogen Selenide (H2Se) is enzymatically methylated by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as methyl donor, resulting in the formation of mono-, di- ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)