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Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lesson Overview
2.3 Carbon Compounds
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
THINK ABOUT IT
In the early 1800s, many chemists
called the compounds created by
organisms “organic,” believing
they were fundamentally different
from compounds in nonliving
things.
Today,
-organic chemistry means the
study of compounds that contain
bonds between carbon atoms,
-inorganic chemistry is the study
of all other compounds.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Carbon
What elements does
carbon bond with to make
up life’s
molecules?
Carbon can bond with:
-other carbon atoms,
-many other elements
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon atoms
-have four valence electrons,
-can form four covalent bonds,
-can bond with other carbon atoms,
-can bond with other elements
including hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.
Living organisms are made up of
molecules that consist of carbon
and these other elements.
Elements of life: Remember
CHONPS
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Carbon
Because carbon atoms can bond to each other:
-carbon atoms have the ability to form millions of
different large and complex structures,
-carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple
covalent bonds,
-chains of carbon atoms can even close up on
themselves to form rings.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
-”giant molecules”,
-made from thousands or even
hundreds of thousands of
smaller molecules,
-make up many organic
compounds in living cells,
-formed by the process of
polymerization, in which
large compounds are built by
joining smaller ones
together.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
-Smaller units of
macromolecules are called
monomers,
-monomers are joined together
to form polymers,
-monomers in a polymer may be
identical or different.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
Biochemists sort
macromolecules found in
living things into groups
based on their chemical
composition.
The four major groups of
macromolecules found in
living things are
-carbohydrates,
-lipids,
-nucleic acids, and
-proteins.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
What are the functions
of each of the four
groups of
macromolecules?
Living things use
carbohydrates as their
main source of energy.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates
-compounds made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms,
-usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1,
-breakdown of sugars, such as
glucose, supplies immediate
energy for cell activities,
-plants, some animals, and other
organisms also use
carbohydrates for structural
purposes (like the strings in
celery).
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Simple Sugars
-single sugar molecules are also
known as monosaccharides or
simple sugars.
-includes glucose, galactose
(component of milk), and fructose,
(found in fruits).
-ordinary table sugar, sucrose, is a
disaccharide, or double sugar, a
compound made by joining
glucose and fructose together.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
-large macromolecules formed from
monosaccharides are
polysaccharides.
-some plants like potatoes, store extra
sugar as complex carbohydrates known
as starches.
-monomers in starch polymers are simple
sugar molecules, such as glucose.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
Plants also make
another important
polysaccharide
called cellulose,
which gives plants
much of their
strength and
rigidity.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
-Many animals store excess sugar
in a polysaccharide called
glycogen,
-When your blood glucose gets
low, glycogen is broken down
into glucose, which is then
released into the blood,
-The glycogen stored in your
muscles supplies the energy for
muscle contraction.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
What are the functions of
each of the four groups of
macromolecules?
Lipids can be used to
-store energy,
-be important parts of
biological membranes and
waterproof coverings.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
-Large and varied group of
biological molecules,
-made mostly from carbon and
hydrogen atoms,
-generally not soluble in water,
-include steroids synthesized
by the body,
-steroids, such as hormones,
serve as chemical
messengers,
-not polymers and do not have
monomers.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
-Common categories of
lipids are fats, oils, and
waxes,
-Fats usually solid at room
temp and come from
animals,
-examples: butter and lard,
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
-Oils usually liquid at room
temp and come from
plants,
-examples: olive oil and
canola oil,
-Waxes can come from
both plants and animals,
-examples: beeswax & the
coverings of some
vegetables such as
cucumbers
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
Many lipids are formed
when a glycerol molecule
combines with
compounds called fatty
acids.
Triglyceride
-lipid composed of a
glycerol molecule with
three fatty acids attached,
-fat that circulates in your
blood.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
Saturated fats
-each carbon-carbon
bond in a lipid’s fatty
acid chains joined by a
single bond.
-animal fats
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
Unsaturated fats
-at least one carboncarbon double bond
in a fatty acid.
-plant oils
Polyunsaturated fats
-more than one
carbon-carbon
double bond.
-plant oils
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
Trans-fats
-unsaturated oils that
have had hydrogen
whipped into them,
-solid at room temp,
-very unhealthy,
-example: shortening
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids, such as olive
oil, tend to be liquid at room temperature.
The data in the table illustrate how melting point
decreases as the degree of unsaturation (number of
double bonds) increases.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
What are the functions of
each of the four groups of
macromolecules?
Nucleic acids
-store and transmit
hereditary, or genetic,
information,
-Examples: DNA, RNA
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
-macromolecules,
-contain hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon, and
phosphorus,
-polymers assembled
from individual
monomers known as
nucleotides.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three
parts:
-a 5-carbon sugar,
-a phosphate group (–PO4),
-a nitrogenous base.
Some nucleotides, including
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), play important roles
in capturing and transferring
chemical energy.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Two kinds of nucleic acids:
-ribonucleic acid (RNA)
-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
-RNA contains the sugar ribose
-DNA contains the sugar
deoxyribose.
-Individual nucleotides joined by
covalent bonds to form a
polynucleotide, or nucleic
acid.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
What are the functions of each of
the four groups of
macromolecules?
Proteins can:
-control the rate of reactions
(enzymes),
-regulate cell processes,
-form important cellular structures,
-transport substances into or out
of cells (transport proteins),
-help to fight disease (antibodies)
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Protein
-Proteins are
macromolecules that
contain:
-nitrogen,
-carbon,
-hydrogen, and
-oxygen,
-monomers of proteins
are called amino acids.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Protein
Amino acids are compounds with
-an amino group (–NH2) on one end and
-a carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other end.
Peptide bonds - covalent bonds that link amino acids
together to form a polypeptide,
-a molecule built from one or more polypeptides is a
protein.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Structure and Function
Amino acids
-differ from each other in a side chain called the Rgroup,
-have a range of different properties,
-more than 20 different amino acids found in nature.
-variety results in proteins being among the most
diverse macromolecules.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Levels of Organization
Proteins have four levels of
structure:
-Primary structure is the
sequence of its amino acids.
-Secondary structure is the
folding or coiling of the
polypeptide chain.
-Tertiary structure is the
complete, 3D arrangement of
a polypeptide chain.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Levels of Organization
Quaternary structure:
-found in proteins with more
than one chain
-describes the way in which the
different polypeptide chains are
arranged with respect to each
other.
For example, hemoglobin,
consists of four subunits.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
To Sum Up Polymers
Polymers are macromolecules that consist of many smaller
parts called monomers.
Carbohydrate polymers are: starches, glycogen, &
cellulose.
Carbohydrate monomers are: monosaccharides or simple
sugars and include glucose, galactose, and fructose.
Lipids are not polymers and do not have monomers.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
To Sum Up Polymers
Nucleic acid polymers are: RNA and DNA
Nucleic acid monomers are: nucleotides and consist of a
5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
Protein polymers are: proteins such as hemoglobin
Protein monomers are: amino acids that are linked to each
other by peptide bonds to make polypeptides called
proteins.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Section 2.3 Assessment (page 49)
1. (a) What are the major elements of life?
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S).
Remember CHONPS!
(b) What properties of carbon explain carbon’s ability to
form different large and complex structures?
Carbon atoms can bond to many other elements. They
can also bond to other carbon atoms to form chains or
rings. These bonds can be single, double, or triple
bonds. This means that carbon atoms can be combined
to make millions of different types of structures.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Section 2.3 Assessment (page 49)
2. (a) Name 4 groups of organic compounds found in living
things.
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
(b) Describe at least one function of each group of
organic compounds.
Carbohydrates: major source of energy for living cells
Lipids: stored energy, insulation
Nucleic acids: store and transmit hereditary information
Proteins: control the rate of reactions, regulate cell
processes
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Section 2.3 Assessment (page 49)
2. (c) Why are proteins considered polymers but lipids are
not?
Proteins are polymers because they are made of chains
of amino acids. Lipids are not polymers because they
are not made of chains of smaller units. Lipids are made
of a glycerol molecule combined with fatty acids.
3 (a) What atoms constitute the compound shown on page
49? (sucrose)
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
(b) What class of macromolecule does the compound
belong to?
carbohydrates