CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... CELLULAR RESPIRATION Energy-Releasing Pathways Anaerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the cell cytoplasm that does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Aerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the mitochondria using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. ...
... CELLULAR RESPIRATION Energy-Releasing Pathways Anaerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the cell cytoplasm that does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Aerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the mitochondria using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. ...
2-Phospho
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
Nitrification of Oxirne Compounds by Heterotrophic Bacteria
... oxime-N in sugar-free medium after 3 days, and some inhibitory effect of glucose, presumably owing to increased cell synthesis. The experiment was repeated with a smaller inoculum and with nitrite determinations at shorter time intervals; viable counts on nutrient agar-plates were also done. Fig. 1 ...
... oxime-N in sugar-free medium after 3 days, and some inhibitory effect of glucose, presumably owing to increased cell synthesis. The experiment was repeated with a smaller inoculum and with nitrite determinations at shorter time intervals; viable counts on nutrient agar-plates were also done. Fig. 1 ...
ORGANIC ACIDS – Citric Acid Cycle (urine)
... all nutrients. The complete metabolism for each nutrient must go through the citric acid cycle. This cycle is also an important source of biosynthetic building blocks used in gluconeogenesis, amino acid biosynthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis. The citric cycle takes place in mitochondria where it o ...
... all nutrients. The complete metabolism for each nutrient must go through the citric acid cycle. This cycle is also an important source of biosynthetic building blocks used in gluconeogenesis, amino acid biosynthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis. The citric cycle takes place in mitochondria where it o ...
The mitochondrial respiratory chain
... ago from bacteria that had acquired an oxygen-utilizing respiratory chain in response to the increasing levels of atmospheric oxygen that arose from the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis [1]. These oxygen-utilizing bacteria were, most probably, similar to present-day α-proteobacteria and initially f ...
... ago from bacteria that had acquired an oxygen-utilizing respiratory chain in response to the increasing levels of atmospheric oxygen that arose from the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis [1]. These oxygen-utilizing bacteria were, most probably, similar to present-day α-proteobacteria and initially f ...
Formation of Fe(III)-minerals by Fe(II)
... molecule is always present in two out of the three bacterial cultures. Whether these molecules are released by the cell to bind Fe(III) and prevent the cell from encrustation by Fe(III) (hydr)oxides is uncertain, but seems unlikely if we assume Fe(II)-oxidation occurs at the cell surface. In light o ...
... molecule is always present in two out of the three bacterial cultures. Whether these molecules are released by the cell to bind Fe(III) and prevent the cell from encrustation by Fe(III) (hydr)oxides is uncertain, but seems unlikely if we assume Fe(II)-oxidation occurs at the cell surface. In light o ...
Chapter 04 - Lecture Outline
... Name the two major divisions of metabolism, and compare and contrast them in terms of a general descriptive sentence, additional descriptive terms, how energy is involved, whether bonds are formed or broken, and how water is involved. Also write a chemical reaction for each and give an example impor ...
... Name the two major divisions of metabolism, and compare and contrast them in terms of a general descriptive sentence, additional descriptive terms, how energy is involved, whether bonds are formed or broken, and how water is involved. Also write a chemical reaction for each and give an example impor ...
Chapter 7 - Cell
... 23) What accepts the electrons from glucose FINALLY or at the end of the Electron Transport Chain in aerobic cell respiration? Oxygen accepts the electrons to form water from the original glucose. 24) Compare Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while Kreb’s cycle occurs ...
... 23) What accepts the electrons from glucose FINALLY or at the end of the Electron Transport Chain in aerobic cell respiration? Oxygen accepts the electrons to form water from the original glucose. 24) Compare Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while Kreb’s cycle occurs ...
2 hours
... thus the ATP is used and regenerated rapidly. ATP is regenerated from ADP and Pi, using the energy from catabolic processes. I. Compare ATP to Acetyl CoA. ...
... thus the ATP is used and regenerated rapidly. ATP is regenerated from ADP and Pi, using the energy from catabolic processes. I. Compare ATP to Acetyl CoA. ...
Chapter 17 – Amino Acid Metabolism
... To reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia takes a strong enzyme --> reaction is called nitrogen fixation. Only a few organisms are capable of fixing nitrogen and assembling amino acids from that. ...
... To reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia takes a strong enzyme --> reaction is called nitrogen fixation. Only a few organisms are capable of fixing nitrogen and assembling amino acids from that. ...
1 - u.arizona.edu
... - when non-oxidative branch begins with ribulose-5-P endproducts are glycolytic intermediates: glyceraldehyde-3-P and fructose-6-P; reversible reactions starting with these intermediates ending with ribose-5-P Cellular needs for ribose-5-P and NADPH - cell requires NADPH but not ribose-5-P - glu ...
... - when non-oxidative branch begins with ribulose-5-P endproducts are glycolytic intermediates: glyceraldehyde-3-P and fructose-6-P; reversible reactions starting with these intermediates ending with ribose-5-P Cellular needs for ribose-5-P and NADPH - cell requires NADPH but not ribose-5-P - glu ...
Alkaloid
... Electrons (& energy from reduction potential) are derived from 4 NADH At least 16 ATP must be hydrolyzed The ammonia (NH3) produced is either utilized by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria, or secreted into the environment In the case of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the NH3 is transported into adja ...
... Electrons (& energy from reduction potential) are derived from 4 NADH At least 16 ATP must be hydrolyzed The ammonia (NH3) produced is either utilized by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria, or secreted into the environment In the case of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the NH3 is transported into adja ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism-1
... 1. Glycolysis means oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (in the presence of oxygen) or lactate (in the absence of oxygen). ...
... 1. Glycolysis means oxidation of glucose to give pyruvate (in the presence of oxygen) or lactate (in the absence of oxygen). ...
A report published August 2006 demonstrated that peptide YY:
... • NAD+ : Shuttles electrons from fuel to electron transport chain – Dehydrogenase enzymes strip 2 H atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from fuel • One H atom + 1 extra electron passed to NAD+ to form NADH • One H ion (H+ : proton minus electron) released to solution ...
... • NAD+ : Shuttles electrons from fuel to electron transport chain – Dehydrogenase enzymes strip 2 H atoms (2 electrons and 2 protons) from fuel • One H atom + 1 extra electron passed to NAD+ to form NADH • One H ion (H+ : proton minus electron) released to solution ...
RESPIRATION PPT...Campbell Powerpoint presentation
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
lecture11&12-RS_Major Metabolic Pathways of
... Glycolysis: An Overview Glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose oxidation, occurs in the cytosol of all cells. It is unique, in that it can function either aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and intact mitochondria. It allows tissues to survive in presence ...
... Glycolysis: An Overview Glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose oxidation, occurs in the cytosol of all cells. It is unique, in that it can function either aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and intact mitochondria. It allows tissues to survive in presence ...
An overview on effective parameters in production of single cell oil
... bacteria is quite different from other microbial oils [10]. Most bacteria produce complex liquid. Also bacteria have low speed of grow in compared by molds [3]. 1.2. Algae Algae for growth needs to sunlight and CO2 therefore there are some limits in production SCO by them [6]. 1.3. Yeasts Some of th ...
... bacteria is quite different from other microbial oils [10]. Most bacteria produce complex liquid. Also bacteria have low speed of grow in compared by molds [3]. 1.2. Algae Algae for growth needs to sunlight and CO2 therefore there are some limits in production SCO by them [6]. 1.3. Yeasts Some of th ...
AP BIOLOGY Ch. 2 Objectives “Chemistry”
... Explain how two isotopes of an element are similar. Explain how they are different. ...
... Explain how two isotopes of an element are similar. Explain how they are different. ...
Glycolysis is the major oxidative pathway for glucose
... Glycolysis: An Overview Glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose oxidation, occurs in the cytosol of all cells. It is unique, in that it can function either aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and intact mitochondria. It allows tissues to survive in presence ...
... Glycolysis: An Overview Glycolysis, the major pathway for glucose oxidation, occurs in the cytosol of all cells. It is unique, in that it can function either aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the availability of oxygen and intact mitochondria. It allows tissues to survive in presence ...
Lecture 9 – Cellular Respiration
... To create ATP! How is that done? Through a protein called ATP synthase ATP synthase translates the potential energy in the electrochemical gradient into the potential energy in the phosphate bonds of ATP The flow of H+ with its electrochemical gradient is an exergonic reaction ATP synthase couples a ...
... To create ATP! How is that done? Through a protein called ATP synthase ATP synthase translates the potential energy in the electrochemical gradient into the potential energy in the phosphate bonds of ATP The flow of H+ with its electrochemical gradient is an exergonic reaction ATP synthase couples a ...
Exam 4
... at the expense of two _____________ high energy bonds. B. Processing of odd-carbon fatty acids requires the less-common vitamin ________________. C. We do not have enzymes to make -3 or -6 fatty acids—they are termed _______________fatty acids because we must obtain them through diet. D. _________ ...
... at the expense of two _____________ high energy bonds. B. Processing of odd-carbon fatty acids requires the less-common vitamin ________________. C. We do not have enzymes to make -3 or -6 fatty acids—they are termed _______________fatty acids because we must obtain them through diet. D. _________ ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)