cellular respiration
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO ...
... 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules • During the citric acid cycle • the two-carbon group of acetyl CoA is joined to a four-carbon compound, forming citrate, • citrate is degraded back to the four-carbon compound, • two CO ...
video slide
... • The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons are passed to protein c ...
... • The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons are passed to protein c ...
2 H
... • The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons are passed to protein c ...
... • The electron transport chain is in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons are passed to protein c ...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY NOTES , 2s , 2px , 2py , 2pz , 2s , 2px , 2py
... CHI3, is obtained which gives evidence of the even less acidic, and would not favor presence of CH3CHOH- group dissociation. In the above diagram, Notice the formation of an Aldehyde in Step (2). The “H” present in (2) can also be an Alkyl Chain. The same test would also be useful in identifying CH3 ...
... CHI3, is obtained which gives evidence of the even less acidic, and would not favor presence of CH3CHOH- group dissociation. In the above diagram, Notice the formation of an Aldehyde in Step (2). The “H” present in (2) can also be an Alkyl Chain. The same test would also be useful in identifying CH3 ...
The TCA Cycle
... process). g. The overall outcome of the cycle will be the carboxylation of pyruvate, producing acetyl CoA and one molecule of reduced electron carrier NADH. h. **NOTE: “important for later consideration.” This reaction is irreversible, which creates many problems studying metabolism and its regulati ...
... process). g. The overall outcome of the cycle will be the carboxylation of pyruvate, producing acetyl CoA and one molecule of reduced electron carrier NADH. h. **NOTE: “important for later consideration.” This reaction is irreversible, which creates many problems studying metabolism and its regulati ...
fermentation?
... • In glycolysis, a net of 2 molecules of ATP, or chemical energy, are produced. • The citric acid cycle produces another 2 molecules of ATP • The electron transport chain produces 28 molecules of ATP. • Oxygen is used in aerobic cellular respiration as the final electron acceptor in the electron tra ...
... • In glycolysis, a net of 2 molecules of ATP, or chemical energy, are produced. • The citric acid cycle produces another 2 molecules of ATP • The electron transport chain produces 28 molecules of ATP. • Oxygen is used in aerobic cellular respiration as the final electron acceptor in the electron tra ...
Book Review - Journal of Experimental Biology
... precise. The text is complemented by schematic artwork and a number of text boxes summarizing important facts and examples. References are limited but present a well-selected and up-to-date set for additional reading. This book is unique among publications that are relevant to metabolism, primarily ...
... precise. The text is complemented by schematic artwork and a number of text boxes summarizing important facts and examples. References are limited but present a well-selected and up-to-date set for additional reading. This book is unique among publications that are relevant to metabolism, primarily ...
Cellular Respiration
... acid enters the pathways of aerobic respiration. (Aerobic respiration is covered in detail in the next section.) In anaerobic conditions (when oxygen is absent), however, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. The c ...
... acid enters the pathways of aerobic respiration. (Aerobic respiration is covered in detail in the next section.) In anaerobic conditions (when oxygen is absent), however, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. The c ...
2015
... 3. [4 points] In the citric acid cycle, we encountered a three-step mechanism to oxidize an alkyl chain (shown in the figure). Name the four citric acid cycle intermediates (indicated with letters next to the figure) that are involved in this mechanism. ...
... 3. [4 points] In the citric acid cycle, we encountered a three-step mechanism to oxidize an alkyl chain (shown in the figure). Name the four citric acid cycle intermediates (indicated with letters next to the figure) that are involved in this mechanism. ...
info and study guide
... Exam 3: Thursday, April 20, 7:15-9:15PM in Ballantine 013 Arrive early for assigned seats Bring your student ID. Failure to do so will result in getting your exam back later. You may use a NON-PROGRAMMABLE calculator. All papers, books, phones, and electronic devices must be in a sealed ba ...
... Exam 3: Thursday, April 20, 7:15-9:15PM in Ballantine 013 Arrive early for assigned seats Bring your student ID. Failure to do so will result in getting your exam back later. You may use a NON-PROGRAMMABLE calculator. All papers, books, phones, and electronic devices must be in a sealed ba ...
L12_FAS
... Or the PPP can be used to generate NADPH as an anti-oxidant – Particularly in red blood cells where a deficiency in G6PDH can cause anemia ...
... Or the PPP can be used to generate NADPH as an anti-oxidant – Particularly in red blood cells where a deficiency in G6PDH can cause anemia ...
Muscle Tissue C1
... Force of muscle contraction affected by: • Number of muscle fibers stimulated (recruitment) • Muscle cross-sectional area: hypertrophy of cells increases strength • Frequency of stimulation: stimulation rate allows time for more effective transfer of tension to noncontractile components • Length ...
... Force of muscle contraction affected by: • Number of muscle fibers stimulated (recruitment) • Muscle cross-sectional area: hypertrophy of cells increases strength • Frequency of stimulation: stimulation rate allows time for more effective transfer of tension to noncontractile components • Length ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Metabolism Overview
... energy. Growth & reproduction occur in energy-rich environments. In energy-poor environments organism can temporarily reduce demand by slowing metabolic rates or use internals stores. Eventually they may die. •Cells are dynamic. Many components are continually synthesized and degraded (turnover) whi ...
... energy. Growth & reproduction occur in energy-rich environments. In energy-poor environments organism can temporarily reduce demand by slowing metabolic rates or use internals stores. Eventually they may die. •Cells are dynamic. Many components are continually synthesized and degraded (turnover) whi ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
... for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
... for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
odour away
... The mechanism of odour neutralization by Odour Away is manifold due to the manifold types of odourous compounds produced by decaying organic matter such as hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, amines and methyl-mercaptans. Each group of microbes in Odour Away has unique properties, which make them effective ...
... The mechanism of odour neutralization by Odour Away is manifold due to the manifold types of odourous compounds produced by decaying organic matter such as hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, amines and methyl-mercaptans. Each group of microbes in Odour Away has unique properties, which make them effective ...
2-Phospho
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
... Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration • All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food • In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis • The processes have different final electron acceptors: an or ...
Anabolism
... Dihydroxyacetone phosphate P Phase 3 oxidation and formation of ATP and release of high energy electrons ...
... Dihydroxyacetone phosphate P Phase 3 oxidation and formation of ATP and release of high energy electrons ...
b-Oxidation of fatty acids
... from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • cardiolipin •transporters • ribosomes • circular RNA and DNA Therefore mitochondria protein synthesis should be inhibited ...
... from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • cardiolipin •transporters • ribosomes • circular RNA and DNA Therefore mitochondria protein synthesis should be inhibited ...
Metabolism II
... glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which may be converted into pyruvic acid • dihydroxyacetone may also be used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose-6-phosphate for glucose to the blood or glycogen depending upon what is ...
... glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which may be converted into pyruvic acid • dihydroxyacetone may also be used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose-6-phosphate for glucose to the blood or glycogen depending upon what is ...
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM - UNAIR | E
... glucose when carbohydrate is not available from the diet or from glycogenolysis A supply of glucose is necessary especially for nervous system and erythrocytes. ...
... glucose when carbohydrate is not available from the diet or from glycogenolysis A supply of glucose is necessary especially for nervous system and erythrocytes. ...
Citrate Cycle
... acids and proteins) to ATP synthesis, but it also provides shared metabolites for numerous other metabolic pathways. ...
... acids and proteins) to ATP synthesis, but it also provides shared metabolites for numerous other metabolic pathways. ...
Metabolic production and renal disposal of hydrogen ions
... represents an intake of approximately 1000 mmoles of amino acid residues daily. Assuming a typical blend of proteins is eaten, for example, beefsteak, this will provide the liver with some 12 mmoles of cysteine and 24 mmoles of methionine and therefore generate about 72 mEq of sulphuric acid daily. ...
... represents an intake of approximately 1000 mmoles of amino acid residues daily. Assuming a typical blend of proteins is eaten, for example, beefsteak, this will provide the liver with some 12 mmoles of cysteine and 24 mmoles of methionine and therefore generate about 72 mEq of sulphuric acid daily. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)