Observations on the influence of seasonality
... hypothesized that fewer predaceous arthropods were active during full moons than new moons, possibly because of the increased risk of vertebrate predation. Álvarez-Castañeda et al. (2004) concluded that fewer rodent remains were present in barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets during full moons, indicating t ...
... hypothesized that fewer predaceous arthropods were active during full moons than new moons, possibly because of the increased risk of vertebrate predation. Álvarez-Castañeda et al. (2004) concluded that fewer rodent remains were present in barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets during full moons, indicating t ...
Practice Quiz - CowanScience
... ____ 31. Mules are relatively long-lived and hardy organisms that cannot, generally speaking, perform ...
... ____ 31. Mules are relatively long-lived and hardy organisms that cannot, generally speaking, perform ...
Viability of an endangered population of ortolan buntings: The effect
... population in Norway. To avoid biases in demographic parameters between the two periods, only data from the latter was used for analyses unless otherwise stated. Data on adult survival was obtained by capturing males in mist nets with the aid of playback of song. For individual identification each m ...
... population in Norway. To avoid biases in demographic parameters between the two periods, only data from the latter was used for analyses unless otherwise stated. Data on adult survival was obtained by capturing males in mist nets with the aid of playback of song. For individual identification each m ...
Did Neanderthals and other early humans sing?
... residence in a territory. By so doing they deter intruders who might exploit the territory’s resources, and they reduce the likelihood of an encounter with an intruder, which might lead to a costly fight. Not surprisingly, territoriality and advertisement go hand-in-hand. As has long been recognized ...
... residence in a territory. By so doing they deter intruders who might exploit the territory’s resources, and they reduce the likelihood of an encounter with an intruder, which might lead to a costly fight. Not surprisingly, territoriality and advertisement go hand-in-hand. As has long been recognized ...
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
... dependence between membersof differentspe- of the modern baboon (see, for example, Reycies, and this mutual dependence appears to nolds, 1966). (6) Aid in combat. No matter how domihave set the stage for the evolution of several nance-orienteda species is, a dominant indialtruisticbehaviors discusse ...
... dependence between membersof differentspe- of the modern baboon (see, for example, Reycies, and this mutual dependence appears to nolds, 1966). (6) Aid in combat. No matter how domihave set the stage for the evolution of several nance-orienteda species is, a dominant indialtruisticbehaviors discusse ...
Testing adaptive hypotheses Testing adaptive
... Two classes of models predict how a trait should evolve under a specific set of environmental circumstances (usually ignoring genetics altogether). • Optimality models assume that a trait will evolve to impart the highest possible fitness. • Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) models assume that th ...
... Two classes of models predict how a trait should evolve under a specific set of environmental circumstances (usually ignoring genetics altogether). • Optimality models assume that a trait will evolve to impart the highest possible fitness. • Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) models assume that th ...
Brood Parasites - University of Arizona | Ecology and Evolutionary
... • According to the evolutionary lag hypothesis, hosts accept parasitic eggs because they have not yet evolved the ability to reject them. • Lag is an inherently unstable explanation: hosts would be better off rejecting, but at present they lack the necessary mutation, or selection has not had time t ...
... • According to the evolutionary lag hypothesis, hosts accept parasitic eggs because they have not yet evolved the ability to reject them. • Lag is an inherently unstable explanation: hosts would be better off rejecting, but at present they lack the necessary mutation, or selection has not had time t ...
Foraging behaviour and diet of an ectothermic herbivore: Testudo
... and dry summer followed by a very cold winter) limits steppe tortoise activity to the spring only, three months a year on average (Lagarde et al. 1999 and references therein). During such a limited time period, the tortoises must meet the energetic requirements of maintenance, reproduction and growt ...
... and dry summer followed by a very cold winter) limits steppe tortoise activity to the spring only, three months a year on average (Lagarde et al. 1999 and references therein). During such a limited time period, the tortoises must meet the energetic requirements of maintenance, reproduction and growt ...
Foraging behaviour and diet of an ectothermic herbivore: Testudo
... and dry summer followed by a very cold winter) limits steppe tortoise activity to the spring only, three months a year on average (Lagarde et al. 1999 and references therein). During such a limited time period, the tortoises must meet the energetic requirements of maintenance, reproduction and growt ...
... and dry summer followed by a very cold winter) limits steppe tortoise activity to the spring only, three months a year on average (Lagarde et al. 1999 and references therein). During such a limited time period, the tortoises must meet the energetic requirements of maintenance, reproduction and growt ...
Bittern (Botaurus stellaris)
... The Bittern is confined almost entirely to wetlands dominated by reeds, where it feeds on fish, amphibians and other small water animals. The bird re-colonised the UK after extinction last century but has declined steadily in the last 30 years due to degradation of its habitat through lack of approp ...
... The Bittern is confined almost entirely to wetlands dominated by reeds, where it feeds on fish, amphibians and other small water animals. The bird re-colonised the UK after extinction last century but has declined steadily in the last 30 years due to degradation of its habitat through lack of approp ...
The Reconstruction of Hominid - Center for Evolutionary Psychology
... precisely tied together a number of different physical features into a single conceptual model (e.g., mass, the force of gravity, the year length of a planet, its orbital velocity, its distance from the sun). For the sake of analogy, assume that we know these physical features for all of the other p ...
... precisely tied together a number of different physical features into a single conceptual model (e.g., mass, the force of gravity, the year length of a planet, its orbital velocity, its distance from the sun). For the sake of analogy, assume that we know these physical features for all of the other p ...
The Evolution of Semelparity - Centre d`Etudes Biologique de Chizé
... 2009). Implicitly, this notion applies to species that reproduce sexually; and thus excludes vegetative reproduction where individuals cannot die from reproduction. For simplicity, I also discard social species (e.g., social ants) where the distinction between the individual’s and the colony’s life ...
... 2009). Implicitly, this notion applies to species that reproduce sexually; and thus excludes vegetative reproduction where individuals cannot die from reproduction. For simplicity, I also discard social species (e.g., social ants) where the distinction between the individual’s and the colony’s life ...
Chapter 5 Overview of Living Primates
... Found in the tropical areas of southeast Asia. Adaptations for brachiation may be related to feeding while hanging from branches. Diet is largely fruit with leaves, flowers, and insects. Basic social unit is a monogamous pair and their offspring. Males and females delineate their territories with wh ...
... Found in the tropical areas of southeast Asia. Adaptations for brachiation may be related to feeding while hanging from branches. Diet is largely fruit with leaves, flowers, and insects. Basic social unit is a monogamous pair and their offspring. Males and females delineate their territories with wh ...
Chapter 5 Overview of Living Primates
... – Some are insectivorous; others supplement their diet with fruit, leaves, gums, and slugs. – Females frequently form associations for foraging or in sharing the same sleeping nest. ...
... – Some are insectivorous; others supplement their diet with fruit, leaves, gums, and slugs. – Females frequently form associations for foraging or in sharing the same sleeping nest. ...
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OF ANIMAL
... lines of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). All four lines showed significant responses to selection and significant heritabilities for spectral sensitivity. Second, Fuller and colleagues (Fuller et al. 2004; R.C. Fuller, personal communication) documented heritable variation in retinal cone distributio ...
... lines of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). All four lines showed significant responses to selection and significant heritabilities for spectral sensitivity. Second, Fuller and colleagues (Fuller et al. 2004; R.C. Fuller, personal communication) documented heritable variation in retinal cone distributio ...
- Wiley Online Library
... African annual fishes from the genus Nothobranchius are small teleosts that inhabit temporary water bodies subject to annual desiccation due to the alternation of the monsoon seasons. Given their unique biology, these fish have emerged as a model taxon in several biological disciplines. Their increa ...
... African annual fishes from the genus Nothobranchius are small teleosts that inhabit temporary water bodies subject to annual desiccation due to the alternation of the monsoon seasons. Given their unique biology, these fish have emerged as a model taxon in several biological disciplines. Their increa ...
Extrafloral nectar content alters foraging preferences
... Mutualisms often involve a delicate balance between the costs and benefits for each species involved (Bronstein 1998; Ferriere et al. 2002). In food-for-protection mutualisms, a species of plant or honeydew-producing insect exchanges food resources (e.g. extrafloral nectar or honeydew) with a predat ...
... Mutualisms often involve a delicate balance between the costs and benefits for each species involved (Bronstein 1998; Ferriere et al. 2002). In food-for-protection mutualisms, a species of plant or honeydew-producing insect exchanges food resources (e.g. extrafloral nectar or honeydew) with a predat ...
Aggregation in non
... number of bark beetles already present on the host tree, but also by the choices made by other host-searching bark beetles, and by their number – the current population density (Alcock, 1982). The success of an individual thus not only depends on the strategy it employs, but also on the strategies t ...
... number of bark beetles already present on the host tree, but also by the choices made by other host-searching bark beetles, and by their number – the current population density (Alcock, 1982). The success of an individual thus not only depends on the strategy it employs, but also on the strategies t ...
Natural selection and adaptation
... • Cheaters would increase in frequency and altruistic trait would be lost Group selection • Populations with selfish genotypes would have a higher extinction rate • Groups as a whole might evolve altruism ...
... • Cheaters would increase in frequency and altruistic trait would be lost Group selection • Populations with selfish genotypes would have a higher extinction rate • Groups as a whole might evolve altruism ...
Document
... 1981; Verzijden et al., 2012). Another exception occurs when the genes for preferences and cues are physically or pleiotropically linked, essentially generating a similarity-based mating system. This may happen in Heliconius butterflies, in which mate preference loci are in close physical linkage wi ...
... 1981; Verzijden et al., 2012). Another exception occurs when the genes for preferences and cues are physically or pleiotropically linked, essentially generating a similarity-based mating system. This may happen in Heliconius butterflies, in which mate preference loci are in close physical linkage wi ...
Animal cooperation among unrelated individuals | SpringerLink
... 1987). My colleagues and I have argued that for byproduct mutualism to operate, a boomerang effect – any uncertainty that increases the probability that a defector will be the victim of its own cheating – must be in play (Mesterton-Gibbons and Dugatkin 1992; Dugatkin 1997). That is, byproduct mutual ...
... 1987). My colleagues and I have argued that for byproduct mutualism to operate, a boomerang effect – any uncertainty that increases the probability that a defector will be the victim of its own cheating – must be in play (Mesterton-Gibbons and Dugatkin 1992; Dugatkin 1997). That is, byproduct mutual ...
Mammals of Manitoba - Manitoba Forestry Association
... tunnels throughout moist soil. The tunnels can extend as much as 270 m along the edge of suitable habitat. Star-nosed moles are semi-aquatic, so many of their tunnels open under the surface of a stream or lake. They are well adapted for swimming, with forelimbs used as paddles. They are commonly act ...
... tunnels throughout moist soil. The tunnels can extend as much as 270 m along the edge of suitable habitat. Star-nosed moles are semi-aquatic, so many of their tunnels open under the surface of a stream or lake. They are well adapted for swimming, with forelimbs used as paddles. They are commonly act ...
Extinction or Survival? Behavioral Flexibility in Response
... through selection working on variations and mutations in gene frequencies ([18], Table 1). The local environment exerts selection pressure on traits that confer a fitness advantage to the organisms inhabiting that environment, such that individuals will show at least ―partial adaptation‖ to that env ...
... through selection working on variations and mutations in gene frequencies ([18], Table 1). The local environment exerts selection pressure on traits that confer a fitness advantage to the organisms inhabiting that environment, such that individuals will show at least ―partial adaptation‖ to that env ...
Extinction or Survival? Behavioral Flexibility in Response
... through selection working on variations and mutations in gene frequencies ([18], Table 1). The local environment exerts selection pressure on traits that confer a fitness advantage to the organisms inhabiting that environment, such that individuals will show at least ―partial adaptation‖ to that env ...
... through selection working on variations and mutations in gene frequencies ([18], Table 1). The local environment exerts selection pressure on traits that confer a fitness advantage to the organisms inhabiting that environment, such that individuals will show at least ―partial adaptation‖ to that env ...
Behavioral ecology
Behavioral ecology is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behavior which are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of behavior.If an organism has a trait which provides them with a selective advantage (i.e. has an adaptive significance) in a new environment natural selection will likely favor it. This was originally proposed as the theory of natural selection by Charles Darwin. Adaptive significance therefore refers to the beneficial qualities, in terms of increased survival and reproduction, a trait conveys. Genetic differences in individuals lead to behavioral differences that in turn drive differences in adaptation, reproductive success, and ultimately evolution.Individuals are always in competition with others for limited resources, including food, territories, and mates. Conflict will occur between predators and prey, between rivals for mates, between siblings, mates, and even between parents and their offspring.