Persistent quacking in dabbling ducks: a predator-luring
... It is possible that PQ serves two or more of these functions, and/or perhaps other functions not yet envisaged. To set the stage for experi mental testing of hypotheses, and to draw at tention to what may be a novel anti-predator tactic, we review available evidence on the characteristics of the c ...
... It is possible that PQ serves two or more of these functions, and/or perhaps other functions not yet envisaged. To set the stage for experi mental testing of hypotheses, and to draw at tention to what may be a novel anti-predator tactic, we review available evidence on the characteristics of the c ...
Divergent sexual selection via male competition: ecology is key
... between species through male competition, then environmental change can alter the role of male competition in speciation. In the documented cases of reverse speciation, changing environments eroded reproductive isolation that depended on environmental differences (Seehausen et al., 1997; Taylor et a ...
... between species through male competition, then environmental change can alter the role of male competition in speciation. In the documented cases of reverse speciation, changing environments eroded reproductive isolation that depended on environmental differences (Seehausen et al., 1997; Taylor et a ...
Owl limpet (Lottia gigantea)
... subordinate male grows well into adulthood within an area of densely aggregated conspecifics, but after an adult male acquires personal territory, his behavior changes to that of a solitary, dominant, territorial limpet, thus triggering sex change from male to female. Adult males are physically smal ...
... subordinate male grows well into adulthood within an area of densely aggregated conspecifics, but after an adult male acquires personal territory, his behavior changes to that of a solitary, dominant, territorial limpet, thus triggering sex change from male to female. Adult males are physically smal ...
Trees to treehoppers: genetic variation in host
... plant and whether they remain on it or not (Khudr et al. 2013). These findings suggest the question of whether there may be IIGEs on individual phenotypes with strong impacts on fitness, such as sexually selected traits, which would have the potential to influence population-level dynamics and betwe ...
... plant and whether they remain on it or not (Khudr et al. 2013). These findings suggest the question of whether there may be IIGEs on individual phenotypes with strong impacts on fitness, such as sexually selected traits, which would have the potential to influence population-level dynamics and betwe ...
Passerina cyanea indigo bunting
... 1 to 4; avg. 3.50 Time to hatching 11 to 14 days; avg. 12.50 days Time to fledging 8 to 14 days Time to independence 3 weeks (average) Age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female) 1 years (low) Age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male) 1 years (low) Indigo buntings are socially monogamous. Ho ...
... 1 to 4; avg. 3.50 Time to hatching 11 to 14 days; avg. 12.50 days Time to fledging 8 to 14 days Time to independence 3 weeks (average) Age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female) 1 years (low) Age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male) 1 years (low) Indigo buntings are socially monogamous. Ho ...
Tiburones gato y parientes (familia Scyliorhinidae)
... Cephalurus, the embryo completes its entire development inside the mother and is born directly into the sea. Male carcharhinids, including catsharks, have reached sexual maturity when their clasper (male organ for internally fertilizing a female) cartilages have become calcified and rigid, rather th ...
... Cephalurus, the embryo completes its entire development inside the mother and is born directly into the sea. Male carcharhinids, including catsharks, have reached sexual maturity when their clasper (male organ for internally fertilizing a female) cartilages have become calcified and rigid, rather th ...
Social Evolution and Inclusive Fitness Theory: An Introduction
... 1.2 NATURAL SELECTION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Although the examples described above of traits “designed” through natural selection are physical body parts, behaviors also have genetic components, and therefore can be shaped by natural selection. As William D. Hamilton put it very pithily, “It is general ...
... 1.2 NATURAL SELECTION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Although the examples described above of traits “designed” through natural selection are physical body parts, behaviors also have genetic components, and therefore can be shaped by natural selection. As William D. Hamilton put it very pithily, “It is general ...
行為生態學Behavioural Ecology
... by foragers and Parker’s(1970) study of copulation time in the yellow dungfly. ...
... by foragers and Parker’s(1970) study of copulation time in the yellow dungfly. ...
Ant Anatomy
... ant species use varied ways to divide up the tasks performed by workers in a colony, one crucial division of labor is common to all ant species: Only queens lay eggs, while workers raise the young. In species that have single queens and large colonies, the reproductive output of queens is astounding ...
... ant species use varied ways to divide up the tasks performed by workers in a colony, one crucial division of labor is common to all ant species: Only queens lay eggs, while workers raise the young. In species that have single queens and large colonies, the reproductive output of queens is astounding ...
Evolution of weaponry in female bovids
... species (t ¼ 4.604, n ¼ 116, p , 0.001, r ¼ 0.397). Because exposure was included in the model, habitat openness was not included in the final model (t ¼ 20.037, n ¼ 116, p ¼ 0.970, r ¼ 2 0.004). Similar to the first test, species in which females defend territories and large species were also more ...
... species (t ¼ 4.604, n ¼ 116, p , 0.001, r ¼ 0.397). Because exposure was included in the model, habitat openness was not included in the final model (t ¼ 20.037, n ¼ 116, p ¼ 0.970, r ¼ 2 0.004). Similar to the first test, species in which females defend territories and large species were also more ...
Evolution of weaponry in female bovids
... species (t ¼ 4.604, n ¼ 116, p , 0.001, r ¼ 0.397). Because exposure was included in the model, habitat openness was not included in the final model (t ¼ 20.037, n ¼ 116, p ¼ 0.970, r ¼ 2 0.004). Similar to the first test, species in which females defend territories and large species were also more ...
... species (t ¼ 4.604, n ¼ 116, p , 0.001, r ¼ 0.397). Because exposure was included in the model, habitat openness was not included in the final model (t ¼ 20.037, n ¼ 116, p ¼ 0.970, r ¼ 2 0.004). Similar to the first test, species in which females defend territories and large species were also more ...
Did Neanderthals and other early humans sing?
... it too; still others, such as some flocking birds and schooling fish, traverse large, undefended expanses of land and ocean (Maher & Lott, 1995). To account for variation in territoriality, biologists have produced a number of related theories grounded in the presumption that retaining exclusive acc ...
... it too; still others, such as some flocking birds and schooling fish, traverse large, undefended expanses of land and ocean (Maher & Lott, 1995). To account for variation in territoriality, biologists have produced a number of related theories grounded in the presumption that retaining exclusive acc ...
Horn polyphenism in the beetle Onthophagus taurus
... probably in the late 1960s and was first recorded in Santa Rosa County, Florida, in 1974 (Fincher and Woodruff, 1975). O. taunts has continuously extended its range since then and now represents the dominant onthophagine species in open pastureland in North Carolina (Moczek, 1996, unpublished data). ...
... probably in the late 1960s and was first recorded in Santa Rosa County, Florida, in 1974 (Fincher and Woodruff, 1975). O. taunts has continuously extended its range since then and now represents the dominant onthophagine species in open pastureland in North Carolina (Moczek, 1996, unpublished data). ...
chapter17_Sections 6
... PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE ...
... PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE ...
May - Chicago Herpetological Society
... Our roads present a gray–dark coloration; their exposure to the intense sun allows them to become excellent surfaces for snakes that are looking for a warm spot. But this has a negative effect on snake populations putting them in risk of being hit by cars more frequently as documented by Trombulak a ...
... Our roads present a gray–dark coloration; their exposure to the intense sun allows them to become excellent surfaces for snakes that are looking for a warm spot. But this has a negative effect on snake populations putting them in risk of being hit by cars more frequently as documented by Trombulak a ...
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO - Lume
... from November to February; whereas males in the same phase of gonadal maturation were observed in August and from November to February. The species presented fractional spawning with the lowest average relative fecundity among the Gymnotifomes species studied at the present. The GSI of both males an ...
... from November to February; whereas males in the same phase of gonadal maturation were observed in August and from November to February. The species presented fractional spawning with the lowest average relative fecundity among the Gymnotifomes species studied at the present. The GSI of both males an ...
Chapter 28
... In those species that provide parental care, one or both parents may be involved in taking care of the offspring As with many behaviours, the amount of care depends on the balance between – benefit of increased survival rate of young – cost of lost opportunities for mating ...
... In those species that provide parental care, one or both parents may be involved in taking care of the offspring As with many behaviours, the amount of care depends on the balance between – benefit of increased survival rate of young – cost of lost opportunities for mating ...
Capybara - Brandywine Zoo Docents
... • The young are precocial, beginning to stand and walk shortly after birth, and can graze within a week of being born. • They are weaned at about 3 months old, during which time they suckle both from their own mother and the other females in the group, who are usually closely related. Young capybara ...
... • The young are precocial, beginning to stand and walk shortly after birth, and can graze within a week of being born. • They are weaned at about 3 months old, during which time they suckle both from their own mother and the other females in the group, who are usually closely related. Young capybara ...
Plumage color and reproduction in the red
... (2000) demonstrated that older male lazuli buntings (Passerina amoena) allow relatively dull 1-year-old males to settle near them, but not brighter 1-year-old males. The older males benefit because they can cuckold the young (dull) males, who in turn benefit by obtaining higher quality breeding terr ...
... (2000) demonstrated that older male lazuli buntings (Passerina amoena) allow relatively dull 1-year-old males to settle near them, but not brighter 1-year-old males. The older males benefit because they can cuckold the young (dull) males, who in turn benefit by obtaining higher quality breeding terr ...
Muscovy Duck - Peterborough Utilities Group
... This species does not stay in pairs. They will mate in the water or on land which is unusual for ducks because they normally mate only on the water. The hen lays a clutch of 8-16 white eggs, usually in a tree hole or hollow, which are incubated for 35 days. The hen will leave the nest once a day for ...
... This species does not stay in pairs. They will mate in the water or on land which is unusual for ducks because they normally mate only on the water. The hen lays a clutch of 8-16 white eggs, usually in a tree hole or hollow, which are incubated for 35 days. The hen will leave the nest once a day for ...
Vigilance and food intake rate in paired and solitary Zenaida Doves
... with various lengths of reproductive season and monogamous bird species living in temperate areas, to assess whether the pattern observed in the present study has some generality. Alternatively, the lack of difference in vigilance behaviour between the sexes might be due to a change in female behavi ...
... with various lengths of reproductive season and monogamous bird species living in temperate areas, to assess whether the pattern observed in the present study has some generality. Alternatively, the lack of difference in vigilance behaviour between the sexes might be due to a change in female behavi ...
Australopithecus robustus societies – one
... measured by me. I, however, omitted foraminal height, as I considered this measurement to be not only correlated with the two other height measures of the face (orbito-alveolar height, and orbito-jugal height), but also of little potential use in describing sexual dimorphism. To equate to the same n ...
... measured by me. I, however, omitted foraminal height, as I considered this measurement to be not only correlated with the two other height measures of the face (orbito-alveolar height, and orbito-jugal height), but also of little potential use in describing sexual dimorphism. To equate to the same n ...
10 - Dr. Mark Pyron
... Larger species take longer to grow to mature size. Larger species often reproduce throughout long life span. ...
... Larger species take longer to grow to mature size. Larger species often reproduce throughout long life span. ...
Testing a new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex
... and the model predicted a variety of circumstances in which the largest females remaining in a social group should not change sex on disappearance of a dominant male. These same conditions were found to promote sex change in smaller females. The model suggested that deferral of sex change should be ...
... and the model predicted a variety of circumstances in which the largest females remaining in a social group should not change sex on disappearance of a dominant male. These same conditions were found to promote sex change in smaller females. The model suggested that deferral of sex change should be ...
Behavioral ecology
Behavioral ecology is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behavior which are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of behavior.If an organism has a trait which provides them with a selective advantage (i.e. has an adaptive significance) in a new environment natural selection will likely favor it. This was originally proposed as the theory of natural selection by Charles Darwin. Adaptive significance therefore refers to the beneficial qualities, in terms of increased survival and reproduction, a trait conveys. Genetic differences in individuals lead to behavioral differences that in turn drive differences in adaptation, reproductive success, and ultimately evolution.Individuals are always in competition with others for limited resources, including food, territories, and mates. Conflict will occur between predators and prey, between rivals for mates, between siblings, mates, and even between parents and their offspring.