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Brown JS. 2016 - City, University of London
... population of hermaphrodites (or asexuals) ought to produce twice as many offspring as one where half the population is male. Darwin noted the curiosity of 50 : 50 sex ratios without offering an adaptive explanation. Game theoretic thinking explains anisogamy (extreme size differences in ‘male’ and ...
... population of hermaphrodites (or asexuals) ought to produce twice as many offspring as one where half the population is male. Darwin noted the curiosity of 50 : 50 sex ratios without offering an adaptive explanation. Game theoretic thinking explains anisogamy (extreme size differences in ‘male’ and ...
Why Darwin would have loved evolutionary game theory
... population of hermaphrodites (or asexuals) ought to produce twice as many offspring as one where half the population is male. Darwin noted the curiosity of 50 : 50 sex ratios without offering an adaptive explanation. Game theoretic thinking explains anisogamy (extreme size differences in ‘male’ and ...
... population of hermaphrodites (or asexuals) ought to produce twice as many offspring as one where half the population is male. Darwin noted the curiosity of 50 : 50 sex ratios without offering an adaptive explanation. Game theoretic thinking explains anisogamy (extreme size differences in ‘male’ and ...
Colonisation of toxic environments drives predictable lifehistory
... While this statistical approach successfully controls for differences between clades and offers an intuitive metric for comparing the relative importance of adaptation to extreme environments and clade-level differences (e.g. are life-history differences between environments within clades smaller, a ...
... While this statistical approach successfully controls for differences between clades and offers an intuitive metric for comparing the relative importance of adaptation to extreme environments and clade-level differences (e.g. are life-history differences between environments within clades smaller, a ...
Corpse Management in Social Insects
... accepted for decades [23, 24]. However, certain aspects of undertaking behavior could not be explained by this hypothesis alone. Gordon found that oleic acid released foraging as well as undertaking behavior in Pogonomyrmex badius , depending on the social activities of the colony at a given time [2 ...
... accepted for decades [23, 24]. However, certain aspects of undertaking behavior could not be explained by this hypothesis alone. Gordon found that oleic acid released foraging as well as undertaking behavior in Pogonomyrmex badius , depending on the social activities of the colony at a given time [2 ...
A visitors guide to African Wild Dogs 29 June 2011
... Grant’s gazelle on it’s own but for larger prey (e.g. wildebeest, zebra. giraffe) they usually hunt co-operatively. Wild dogs can chase at speeds of up to 60 km.per.hour. Hunting usually takes place early in the morning and late in the afternoon when it is cool and they also hunt at night when ther ...
... Grant’s gazelle on it’s own but for larger prey (e.g. wildebeest, zebra. giraffe) they usually hunt co-operatively. Wild dogs can chase at speeds of up to 60 km.per.hour. Hunting usually takes place early in the morning and late in the afternoon when it is cool and they also hunt at night when ther ...
Sisneros & Tricas 2002b
... and Lorenzini [34], but its physiological and behavioral functions remained unknown for centuries. The advent of modern neurophysiological techniques first produced evidence for multiple sensory functions until it was convincingly demonstrated to encode weak electric charges external to the animal [4 ...
... and Lorenzini [34], but its physiological and behavioral functions remained unknown for centuries. The advent of modern neurophysiological techniques first produced evidence for multiple sensory functions until it was convincingly demonstrated to encode weak electric charges external to the animal [4 ...
Sociality and asociality in white-nosed coatis
... White-nosed coatis maintain a social structure of female-bonded groups (called bands) and solitary males. I examined the foraging success of social and solitary individuals and the possible importance of intraspecific foraging competition in maintaining the social system, particularly in the associa ...
... White-nosed coatis maintain a social structure of female-bonded groups (called bands) and solitary males. I examined the foraging success of social and solitary individuals and the possible importance of intraspecific foraging competition in maintaining the social system, particularly in the associa ...
Trachemys scripta common slider
... and other predators. They are relatively safe from most predators once they reach adult size and while they are in the water. Large predatory fish seem to find the hatchlings difficult to handle and do not tend to eat them. Red-eared sliders may attempt to bite and scratch when harassed, but most pu ...
... and other predators. They are relatively safe from most predators once they reach adult size and while they are in the water. Large predatory fish seem to find the hatchlings difficult to handle and do not tend to eat them. Red-eared sliders may attempt to bite and scratch when harassed, but most pu ...
Reproduction in three sympatric lizard species from west
... We are cognizant of the limitations imposed by the short period covered by our collections. Despite this, there is clearly a need ...
... We are cognizant of the limitations imposed by the short period covered by our collections. Despite this, there is clearly a need ...
The reproductive ecology of plainfin midshipman
... techniques have only been applied to relatively few species. Furthermore, ecological variation has long since been recognized as an important factor influencing mating patterns and sexual selection, yet it is ...
... techniques have only been applied to relatively few species. Furthermore, ecological variation has long since been recognized as an important factor influencing mating patterns and sexual selection, yet it is ...
Genetics and Ecology of Colonization and Mass
... strains contain high levels of genetic variation. A Model of Genetic Variation We propose a model in the Mediterranean fruit fly to account for these 2 apparent ly contradictory results. This model proposes that strong epistatic interactions built up over 300 or more generations of mass rearing mask ...
... strains contain high levels of genetic variation. A Model of Genetic Variation We propose a model in the Mediterranean fruit fly to account for these 2 apparent ly contradictory results. This model proposes that strong epistatic interactions built up over 300 or more generations of mass rearing mask ...
Chapter 51
... ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male. ...
... ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male. ...
Life history
... May provide protection against disease or in different habitats Disadvantages (costs) “Cost of males” – an individual transmits only half of its genome to next generation Growth rate of populations is slower ...
... May provide protection against disease or in different habitats Disadvantages (costs) “Cost of males” – an individual transmits only half of its genome to next generation Growth rate of populations is slower ...
Behavior and conservation: a bridge too far?
... because they influence effective population size (Ne), a measure of the ability of a population to maintain genetic diversity. When mating systems deviate from monogamy to increasing degrees of polygyny or polyandry, Ne declines because fewer males (polygyny) or females (polyandry) contribute genetic ...
... because they influence effective population size (Ne), a measure of the ability of a population to maintain genetic diversity. When mating systems deviate from monogamy to increasing degrees of polygyny or polyandry, Ne declines because fewer males (polygyny) or females (polyandry) contribute genetic ...
J. Evol. Biol.
... in four different poeciliid species can be predicted by hydrogen sulphide concentrations of their respective habitat of origin (Riesch et al., 2010a). However, whether life-history traits other than embryo size ⁄ fecundity have a genetic basis is not known, and male life histories in extremophile po ...
... in four different poeciliid species can be predicted by hydrogen sulphide concentrations of their respective habitat of origin (Riesch et al., 2010a). However, whether life-history traits other than embryo size ⁄ fecundity have a genetic basis is not known, and male life histories in extremophile po ...
Evolution through natural selection
... not occur if reproduction does not produce more progeny than can survive, it will not occur if a character does not show variation, and it will not occur if variation does not have a heritable basis. To say that the three conditions are sufficient means that, if all three conditions are met, natural ...
... not occur if reproduction does not produce more progeny than can survive, it will not occur if a character does not show variation, and it will not occur if variation does not have a heritable basis. To say that the three conditions are sufficient means that, if all three conditions are met, natural ...
Effects of single-tree selection harvesting on Rose
... of the ideal free distribution model, which predicts that better quality habitats (i.e., areas where conditions support higher reproductive output) will be inhabited by more individuals than poorer quality ones (Fretwell and Lucas, 1970). However, additional factors can influence where individuals se ...
... of the ideal free distribution model, which predicts that better quality habitats (i.e., areas where conditions support higher reproductive output) will be inhabited by more individuals than poorer quality ones (Fretwell and Lucas, 1970). However, additional factors can influence where individuals se ...
Foraging Behavior
... • Certainty of paternity is much higher when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization • In species with external fertilization, parental care is at least as likely to be by males as by females Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... • Certainty of paternity is much higher when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization • In species with external fertilization, parental care is at least as likely to be by males as by females Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Parental behavior by vipers
... sites a mean of 1.4 days after the neonates shed. Twenty-five free-living female Sistrurus miliarius remained with their young during the post-birth ecdysis cycle. When separated by size-selective barriers under three experimental conditions, 59 captive S. miliarius returned to their litters and neo ...
... sites a mean of 1.4 days after the neonates shed. Twenty-five free-living female Sistrurus miliarius remained with their young during the post-birth ecdysis cycle. When separated by size-selective barriers under three experimental conditions, 59 captive S. miliarius returned to their litters and neo ...
The Value of Animal Behavior in Evaluations of Restoration Success
... 2006). However, documenting reproductive success does not explain why individuals in one site have higher reproductive success than individuals in other sites. This missing information may be key to determining components of restoration efforts that are adequate and those that are not. In addition, ...
... 2006). However, documenting reproductive success does not explain why individuals in one site have higher reproductive success than individuals in other sites. This missing information may be key to determining components of restoration efforts that are adequate and those that are not. In addition, ...
Interspecific Infanticide and Infant
... many of the hypotheses forwarded to explain the occurrence of infanticide are related to male reproductive strategies or intersexual conflict, some individuals commit infanticide without any obvious prospect of a personal fitness gain. Several adaptive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the po ...
... many of the hypotheses forwarded to explain the occurrence of infanticide are related to male reproductive strategies or intersexual conflict, some individuals commit infanticide without any obvious prospect of a personal fitness gain. Several adaptive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the po ...
Conspicuousness-dependent antipredatory behavior may
... looked outside with the snout closer than 1 cm to the exit of the refuge) or outside the refuge, and then walked slowly, stopped close (50 cm) to each terrarium, and looked directly to the lizard during 10 s, verifying that lizards could clearly see the experimenter from their terraria. The same per ...
... looked outside with the snout closer than 1 cm to the exit of the refuge) or outside the refuge, and then walked slowly, stopped close (50 cm) to each terrarium, and looked directly to the lizard during 10 s, verifying that lizards could clearly see the experimenter from their terraria. The same per ...
How do they get their food?
... • Ok, will select a patch based on food quality that gives good balance when it enters the patch. • But patch becomes depleted as it stays in the patch. • When should it leave??? ...
... • Ok, will select a patch based on food quality that gives good balance when it enters the patch. • But patch becomes depleted as it stays in the patch. • When should it leave??? ...
assortative mating without complete reproductive isolation in a zone
... isolation (Noor ) via premating or postmating barriers (extrinsic or intrinsic; see Coyne and Orr , Birkhead and Brillard ). In contrast to other organisms, birds are often capable of producing viable and fertile hybrids at high levels of genetic divergence (Panov ). It may take ...
... isolation (Noor ) via premating or postmating barriers (extrinsic or intrinsic; see Coyne and Orr , Birkhead and Brillard ). In contrast to other organisms, birds are often capable of producing viable and fertile hybrids at high levels of genetic divergence (Panov ). It may take ...
MATING SYSTEMS, PHILOPATRY AND DISPERSAL IN BIRDS
... 61% of females nest in a different place each year. Among females, those which nest unsuccessfully due, for example, to predation, undergo greater breeding dispersal than those which do raise a brood (Haartmann 1949). Predation of eggs or fledglings has been implicated as a factor promoting the grea ...
... 61% of females nest in a different place each year. Among females, those which nest unsuccessfully due, for example, to predation, undergo greater breeding dispersal than those which do raise a brood (Haartmann 1949). Predation of eggs or fledglings has been implicated as a factor promoting the grea ...
Behavioral ecology
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island,_Antarctica_-juvenile-8.jpg?width=300)
Behavioral ecology is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behavior which are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of behavior.If an organism has a trait which provides them with a selective advantage (i.e. has an adaptive significance) in a new environment natural selection will likely favor it. This was originally proposed as the theory of natural selection by Charles Darwin. Adaptive significance therefore refers to the beneficial qualities, in terms of increased survival and reproduction, a trait conveys. Genetic differences in individuals lead to behavioral differences that in turn drive differences in adaptation, reproductive success, and ultimately evolution.Individuals are always in competition with others for limited resources, including food, territories, and mates. Conflict will occur between predators and prey, between rivals for mates, between siblings, mates, and even between parents and their offspring.