Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and
... as insoluble compounds in rock and sediments, and a multitude of ions can be released from sediments by redox changes (Lieth and Markert, 1990). The input of anthropogenic toxic metals in distantly located mountain ecosystems is generally lower than in valleys and settlement areas, but due to differ ...
... as insoluble compounds in rock and sediments, and a multitude of ions can be released from sediments by redox changes (Lieth and Markert, 1990). The input of anthropogenic toxic metals in distantly located mountain ecosystems is generally lower than in valleys and settlement areas, but due to differ ...
Bear Species of the World - Bear Trust International
... years, but typically 25 years is an old bear. Reproduction: Females reach sexual maturity at four-and-a-half to seven years of age. Males enter the breeding population at eight to ten years old, later than other species, due to size and competition with other males. Breeding occurs from early May to ...
... years, but typically 25 years is an old bear. Reproduction: Females reach sexual maturity at four-and-a-half to seven years of age. Males enter the breeding population at eight to ten years old, later than other species, due to size and competition with other males. Breeding occurs from early May to ...
Darwin`s forgotten idea: The social essence of sexual selection
... beings or to external conditions, but on a struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex” (Darwin, 1859 [1872], p. 76). Darwin emphasized the importance of the distinction repeatedly. He sometimes used “ordinary selection” to refer to natural s ...
... beings or to external conditions, but on a struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex” (Darwin, 1859 [1872], p. 76). Darwin emphasized the importance of the distinction repeatedly. He sometimes used “ordinary selection” to refer to natural s ...
What Is Behavior?
... ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male. ...
... ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male. ...
- UEA Digital Repository
... infecting each fish did not explain significant variation in guppy condition (see S1.4), ...
... infecting each fish did not explain significant variation in guppy condition (see S1.4), ...
Exploring the Lotka-Volterra Competition Model using Two Species
... Ecological communities are composed of populations of all species in a habitat. The structure of a community will be determined in part by the dynamics of the interactions between the species in the community. Interactions between two species can be direct or indirect (i.e., mediated through other s ...
... Ecological communities are composed of populations of all species in a habitat. The structure of a community will be determined in part by the dynamics of the interactions between the species in the community. Interactions between two species can be direct or indirect (i.e., mediated through other s ...
GROUNDWATER 1、 For example, as the great ice sheets that
... that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding. But the question arises, why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry? By doing so, they could possibly secure more food, which should result in more rapid growth or larger size, either of wh ...
... that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding. But the question arises, why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry? By doing so, they could possibly secure more food, which should result in more rapid growth or larger size, either of wh ...
- Wiley Online Library
... The concept of convergent social selection recurs periodically in biological literature, generally in the form of loosely formulated mechanisms. One is “social mimicry,” whereby signals converge to increase the efficiency of communication between species foraging collectively (Moynihan 1968, 1981). ...
... The concept of convergent social selection recurs periodically in biological literature, generally in the form of loosely formulated mechanisms. One is “social mimicry,” whereby signals converge to increase the efficiency of communication between species foraging collectively (Moynihan 1968, 1981). ...
Food sharing in humans and other primates
... this may be facilitated by increased efficiency through mutualism.11,31 If the producer’s share is smaller than alternative yields, the production of public goods cannot be explained by optimal foraging strategies, as has been argued for the hunting of large game among foragers.18 In this case, cost ...
... this may be facilitated by increased efficiency through mutualism.11,31 If the producer’s share is smaller than alternative yields, the production of public goods cannot be explained by optimal foraging strategies, as has been argued for the hunting of large game among foragers.18 In this case, cost ...
Book of Abstracts - VII European Conference on Behavioral Biology
... by focusing on prenatal and early postnatal life when parents and siblings are known to have a strong influence on shaping development. It is more poorly understood how the interaction with conspecifics later in life modifies adult behaviour. During the transition to independence, individuals encoun ...
... by focusing on prenatal and early postnatal life when parents and siblings are known to have a strong influence on shaping development. It is more poorly understood how the interaction with conspecifics later in life modifies adult behaviour. During the transition to independence, individuals encoun ...
File
... Complete the Punnett square to show how two rats, both heterozygous for Warfarin resistance, could produce Warfarin resistant offspring. Use R and r to show the dominant and recessive alleles. ...
... Complete the Punnett square to show how two rats, both heterozygous for Warfarin resistance, could produce Warfarin resistant offspring. Use R and r to show the dominant and recessive alleles. ...
Living primates are not “better”
... Biochemically and genetically, the tarsiers are not prosimians, but they do represent a mixture of anatomical traits of the prosimians and the anthropoids. o If one moves the tarsiers in with the anthropoids, this new taxonomic group is called the suborder Haplorhini (haplorhines) for their dry nose ...
... Biochemically and genetically, the tarsiers are not prosimians, but they do represent a mixture of anatomical traits of the prosimians and the anthropoids. o If one moves the tarsiers in with the anthropoids, this new taxonomic group is called the suborder Haplorhini (haplorhines) for their dry nose ...
Poecillia_Mollys
... control periphyton, detritus and oxygen availability may produce characteristic population densities in different pools. An increase in the proportion of males and a decrease in their size after the floods suggest social inhibition of sexual maturation during the late dry season. Male has a gonopodi ...
... control periphyton, detritus and oxygen availability may produce characteristic population densities in different pools. An increase in the proportion of males and a decrease in their size after the floods suggest social inhibition of sexual maturation during the late dry season. Male has a gonopodi ...
Cummings - bio.utexas.edu
... et al. 2000; lizards: Stuart-Fox and Owens 2003). Researchers have also found that sexual selection contributes to polymorphisms within species (e.g. cichlids: Seehausen et al. 1999b; Sato et al. 2004; and side-blotched lizards: Sinervo and Lively 1996). O. pumilio is characterized by strong sexual ...
... et al. 2000; lizards: Stuart-Fox and Owens 2003). Researchers have also found that sexual selection contributes to polymorphisms within species (e.g. cichlids: Seehausen et al. 1999b; Sato et al. 2004; and side-blotched lizards: Sinervo and Lively 1996). O. pumilio is characterized by strong sexual ...
Donning Satan`s Cloak: The Function and Evolution of Snake Scent
... • Squirrels apply predator scents to reduce predation risk • Predator scent application is an evolutionarily ancient trait in squirrels • Original source of selection unknown • Recent past, behavior maintained by rattlesnake presence, dependent on historic co-occurrence ...
... • Squirrels apply predator scents to reduce predation risk • Predator scent application is an evolutionarily ancient trait in squirrels • Original source of selection unknown • Recent past, behavior maintained by rattlesnake presence, dependent on historic co-occurrence ...
ethogram of abdopus aculeatus (d`orbigny, 1834)
... crabs). They also foraged visually for portunid and calappid crabs, sometimes crawling or swimming approximately 3 – 5 m to catch one. The diet was largely crustacean, although two bivalves and two gastropods were consumed. Prey preference studies were not performed. No drill holes were found in mol ...
... crabs). They also foraged visually for portunid and calappid crabs, sometimes crawling or swimming approximately 3 – 5 m to catch one. The diet was largely crustacean, although two bivalves and two gastropods were consumed. Prey preference studies were not performed. No drill holes were found in mol ...
Chapter 5 Overview of Living Primates
... Some lorises are insectivorous; others supplement their diet with fruit, leaves, gums, and slugs. Females frequently form associations for foraging or in sharing the same sleeping nest. ...
... Some lorises are insectivorous; others supplement their diet with fruit, leaves, gums, and slugs. Females frequently form associations for foraging or in sharing the same sleeping nest. ...
Overview of Living Primates I. Primates As Mammals
... Tendency to live in social groups. Males are permanent members of many primate social groups. Regular shows of affection, play, and ...
... Tendency to live in social groups. Males are permanent members of many primate social groups. Regular shows of affection, play, and ...
Sound Signalling in Orthoptera
... attention of a predator (see Section 7). Mating patterns among the gryllids (reviewed by Boake, 1983; Zuk and Simmons, 1997) are diverse but tend to be characterized by aggression between males, often accompanied by distinctive aggressive chirps, with possession of a burrow and large body size tendi ...
... attention of a predator (see Section 7). Mating patterns among the gryllids (reviewed by Boake, 1983; Zuk and Simmons, 1997) are diverse but tend to be characterized by aggression between males, often accompanied by distinctive aggressive chirps, with possession of a burrow and large body size tendi ...
Adopting adoption - Santa Fe Institute
... influence social learning, but can also be independent of genetic differences between individuals. They may depend solely on socially transmitted information. If adopters have, by chance, a distribution of socially transmissible traits that is different from that found in the general population, ado ...
... influence social learning, but can also be independent of genetic differences between individuals. They may depend solely on socially transmitted information. If adopters have, by chance, a distribution of socially transmissible traits that is different from that found in the general population, ado ...
The life history of the green anaconda
... and have the potential to provide the diversity of life styles and factual information that is needed to unravel important questions regarding behavioral ecology. In this contribution I present some of the relevant information regarding the reproductive biology and general natural history of the gre ...
... and have the potential to provide the diversity of life styles and factual information that is needed to unravel important questions regarding behavioral ecology. In this contribution I present some of the relevant information regarding the reproductive biology and general natural history of the gre ...
Adaptive Growth Decisions in Butterflies
... (Abrams et al. 1996). For example, many insects may benefit from reaching a large adult size because doing so increases reproductive potential. Still, there is great variation in body size, and there may be a 20-fold difference in pupal size among species within a single family. A larger adult size ...
... (Abrams et al. 1996). For example, many insects may benefit from reaching a large adult size because doing so increases reproductive potential. Still, there is great variation in body size, and there may be a 20-fold difference in pupal size among species within a single family. A larger adult size ...
Power Point Presentation
... Mating Systems and Parental Care • Paternal certainty is relatively low in species with internal fertilization because mating and birth are separated over time • Certainty of paternity is much higher when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization • In species with external ...
... Mating Systems and Parental Care • Paternal certainty is relatively low in species with internal fertilization because mating and birth are separated over time • Certainty of paternity is much higher when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization • In species with external ...
Some observations of oogenesis in Eucorethra underwoodi
... The egg of E. underwoodi has been figured (Rossignol 1978) but the process of oogenesis is undescribed. In the laboratory, the eggs were laid singly, as in Mochlonyx, on wet cotton and were sticky for the first few days after oviposition, after which they were easily dislodged; Rossignol (1978) spec ...
... The egg of E. underwoodi has been figured (Rossignol 1978) but the process of oogenesis is undescribed. In the laboratory, the eggs were laid singly, as in Mochlonyx, on wet cotton and were sticky for the first few days after oviposition, after which they were easily dislodged; Rossignol (1978) spec ...
Mia Puopolo - underc - University of Notre Dame
... The intraspecific crayfish feeding trials were setup in such a way that a young adult of each sex was tested with a mature adult from each sex as well as a young adult of the opposite sex. Additionally, a mature adult of each sex was paired with a mature adult of the opposite sex. The trial arena wa ...
... The intraspecific crayfish feeding trials were setup in such a way that a young adult of each sex was tested with a mature adult from each sex as well as a young adult of the opposite sex. Additionally, a mature adult of each sex was paired with a mature adult of the opposite sex. The trial arena wa ...
Behavioral ecology
Behavioral ecology is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behavior which are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of behavior.If an organism has a trait which provides them with a selective advantage (i.e. has an adaptive significance) in a new environment natural selection will likely favor it. This was originally proposed as the theory of natural selection by Charles Darwin. Adaptive significance therefore refers to the beneficial qualities, in terms of increased survival and reproduction, a trait conveys. Genetic differences in individuals lead to behavioral differences that in turn drive differences in adaptation, reproductive success, and ultimately evolution.Individuals are always in competition with others for limited resources, including food, territories, and mates. Conflict will occur between predators and prey, between rivals for mates, between siblings, mates, and even between parents and their offspring.