Inter- and intraspecific parasitism
... Parasite (pathogen) = organism that obtains its nutrients from one or a very few host individuals, causing harm* but not causing host death immediately. Parasitoid = egg to larval organism that obtains its nutrients from a single host individual, causing host death in the end (incl. parasitic Hymeno ...
... Parasite (pathogen) = organism that obtains its nutrients from one or a very few host individuals, causing harm* but not causing host death immediately. Parasitoid = egg to larval organism that obtains its nutrients from a single host individual, causing host death in the end (incl. parasitic Hymeno ...
Nesting behaviour of Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)
... notably more time outside the nest when temperature was higher. In contrast, the incubation absences of Female 2 (F1,14 = 1.96, p = 0.184) and Female 5 (F1,17 = 0.46, p = 0.508) were not temperature dependent. Rates of egg turning averaged 1.55 times per hour (SD = 0.06) over the entire incubation p ...
... notably more time outside the nest when temperature was higher. In contrast, the incubation absences of Female 2 (F1,14 = 1.96, p = 0.184) and Female 5 (F1,17 = 0.46, p = 0.508) were not temperature dependent. Rates of egg turning averaged 1.55 times per hour (SD = 0.06) over the entire incubation p ...
University of Groningen The origin of war Dennen, JMG van der
... mankind - naturally - occupying the highest rung of the ladder), for all eternity created by a Benevolent and Infinitely Wise Demiurge or Providence; of fixed, static, permanent and immutable species, ancillary to mankind; and, within mankind, a steep hierarchy of human ’races’, the more ’inferior’ ...
... mankind - naturally - occupying the highest rung of the ladder), for all eternity created by a Benevolent and Infinitely Wise Demiurge or Providence; of fixed, static, permanent and immutable species, ancillary to mankind; and, within mankind, a steep hierarchy of human ’races’, the more ’inferior’ ...
PDF - Oxford Academic
... observations and video recordings were used to analyze the behavior of individual females foraging for A. fabae on bean leaf disks in open arenas in the laboratory. Females exploited aphids as hosts and as a source of food, allocating within-patch time as follows: resting - 10.4%, grooming - 8.2%, s ...
... observations and video recordings were used to analyze the behavior of individual females foraging for A. fabae on bean leaf disks in open arenas in the laboratory. Females exploited aphids as hosts and as a source of food, allocating within-patch time as follows: resting - 10.4%, grooming - 8.2%, s ...
LIFE HISTORIES Chapter 12
... With low adult survival, organisms begin reproducing earlier and invest more energy into reproduction; when adult survival is higher, organisms defer reproduction to a later age (larger body size) and allocate less energy to reproduction. ...
... With low adult survival, organisms begin reproducing earlier and invest more energy into reproduction; when adult survival is higher, organisms defer reproduction to a later age (larger body size) and allocate less energy to reproduction. ...
Sexual selection and tail streamers in the barn swallow
... that if the tail streamer is a mechanical device enhancing aerodynamic e¤ciency and £ight manoeuvrability, then any manipulation of the length of the tail (either shortening or elongation) should result in increased costs for aerodynamic reasons, and that only manipulation of the streamer itself cou ...
... that if the tail streamer is a mechanical device enhancing aerodynamic e¤ciency and £ight manoeuvrability, then any manipulation of the length of the tail (either shortening or elongation) should result in increased costs for aerodynamic reasons, and that only manipulation of the streamer itself cou ...
pdf
... bachelors are seeking higher-quality forage at the cost of reduced quantity. For females with foals, specific nutrient demands of lactation may drive this choice (NRC 1989). We can posit three possible explanations for bachelor use of these habitats. They may be attracted to these areas because of t ...
... bachelors are seeking higher-quality forage at the cost of reduced quantity. For females with foals, specific nutrient demands of lactation may drive this choice (NRC 1989). We can posit three possible explanations for bachelor use of these habitats. They may be attracted to these areas because of t ...
Why Vervet Monkeys - Department of Anthropology
... Terborgh and Janson (1986) suggested that multimale groups could result if males are forced to make trade-offs between obtaining their food and defending females. Noting that frugivorous primates tend to live in multimale groups whereas folivorous primates tend to live in single-male groups, they su ...
... Terborgh and Janson (1986) suggested that multimale groups could result if males are forced to make trade-offs between obtaining their food and defending females. Noting that frugivorous primates tend to live in multimale groups whereas folivorous primates tend to live in single-male groups, they su ...
Full Text - Journal of Insect Science
... ABSTRACT. Oviposition site location may be affected by (1) factors influencing the costs and benefits to the offspring (e.g., resource availability, competition, predation risk) and (2) factors influencing the costs and benefits to the female (e.g., predation risk or mate harassment). In cases in which ...
... ABSTRACT. Oviposition site location may be affected by (1) factors influencing the costs and benefits to the offspring (e.g., resource availability, competition, predation risk) and (2) factors influencing the costs and benefits to the female (e.g., predation risk or mate harassment). In cases in which ...
The Reproductive Biology of the Diamondback Terrapin
... from the rear, and nuzzle or nudge the female's cloacal region with their snouts. ...
... from the rear, and nuzzle or nudge the female's cloacal region with their snouts. ...
Guppies and the Empirical Study of Adaptation
... sediments erode in the heavy tropical rainfall, forming steep, forested ravines filled with clear running rivers that have many waterfalls. Rivers are like trees, being large and wide at the base, then dividing into progressively smaller branches as you move up into the headwater streams in the moun ...
... sediments erode in the heavy tropical rainfall, forming steep, forested ravines filled with clear running rivers that have many waterfalls. Rivers are like trees, being large and wide at the base, then dividing into progressively smaller branches as you move up into the headwater streams in the moun ...
nordmanni (Branchiopoda: Onychopoda), in the Inland
... eye is completed but without pigmentation. At this stage, the embryos are still retained within the brood pouch. Stage ...
... eye is completed but without pigmentation. At this stage, the embryos are still retained within the brood pouch. Stage ...
Chapter 51 Animal Behavior
... • Differences at a single locus can sometimes have a large effect on behavior – For example, male prairie voles pair-bond with their mates, while male meadow voles do not – The level of a specific receptor for a neurotransmitter determines which behavioral pattern develops ...
... • Differences at a single locus can sometimes have a large effect on behavior – For example, male prairie voles pair-bond with their mates, while male meadow voles do not – The level of a specific receptor for a neurotransmitter determines which behavioral pattern develops ...
Spatial and temporal patterns of sexual reproduction in a hybrid
... females of D. hyalina were not back-crossed as were the parthenogenetic females. The low number of sexual clones of the hybrid D. galeata hyalina might reflect its reduced fertility, although these few clones were detected in high densities. Only hybrid-clones that had a back-cross genotype (towar ...
... females of D. hyalina were not back-crossed as were the parthenogenetic females. The low number of sexual clones of the hybrid D. galeata hyalina might reflect its reduced fertility, although these few clones were detected in high densities. Only hybrid-clones that had a back-cross genotype (towar ...
Blackeye goby - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... Blackeye gobies are sexually dimorphic, with different sexes distinguishable from genital papilla, size, and length of dorsal and anal fins. Females attain sexual maturity at 4.73 to 7.35 cm (1.86 to 2.89 in) in length, while males mature at 7.21 to 8.3 cm (2.84 to 3.27 in) in length.[5] The breedin ...
... Blackeye gobies are sexually dimorphic, with different sexes distinguishable from genital papilla, size, and length of dorsal and anal fins. Females attain sexual maturity at 4.73 to 7.35 cm (1.86 to 2.89 in) in length, while males mature at 7.21 to 8.3 cm (2.84 to 3.27 in) in length.[5] The breedin ...
What is an apex predator?
... process known as ‘mesopredator release’ that increases predation pressure and diminishes biodiversity. While the classifications apex- and meso-predator are fundamental to current ecological thinking, their definition has remained ambiguous. Trophic cascades theory has shown the importance of predatio ...
... process known as ‘mesopredator release’ that increases predation pressure and diminishes biodiversity. While the classifications apex- and meso-predator are fundamental to current ecological thinking, their definition has remained ambiguous. Trophic cascades theory has shown the importance of predatio ...
PDF - McGill University
... canopy being cleared by farmers for a papaya plantation. Returning in 2006, we found that the canopy had been completely removed. We therefore sampled guppies from this site in both 2006 and 2007. This enabled a comparison of pre-disturbance samples (2002 and 2003) to post-disturbance samples (2006 ...
... canopy being cleared by farmers for a papaya plantation. Returning in 2006, we found that the canopy had been completely removed. We therefore sampled guppies from this site in both 2006 and 2007. This enabled a comparison of pre-disturbance samples (2002 and 2003) to post-disturbance samples (2006 ...
Natural Disasters and Primate Populations: The Effects of a 2
... hot/wet and cool/dry seasons with transitional periods between them). Food resources exploited by the lemurs are abundant during the hot/wet season and very low in both quantity and quality during the cool/wet season (Sauther, 1992, 1993). Furthermore, the Beza-Mahafaly region periodically experienc ...
... hot/wet and cool/dry seasons with transitional periods between them). Food resources exploited by the lemurs are abundant during the hot/wet season and very low in both quantity and quality during the cool/wet season (Sauther, 1992, 1993). Furthermore, the Beza-Mahafaly region periodically experienc ...
Importance of biogenic substrates for the stone crab
... al. (2005) studied its fecundity; Bertini et al. (2007) provided information on its relative growth and sexual maturity; and Santana et al. (2009), investigated its predatory behavior on mollusks. However, there is little information on the occupation of different substrates by this species. Studies ...
... al. (2005) studied its fecundity; Bertini et al. (2007) provided information on its relative growth and sexual maturity; and Santana et al. (2009), investigated its predatory behavior on mollusks. However, there is little information on the occupation of different substrates by this species. Studies ...
Hawk strategy
... Enough resources (food, shelter, mates) decreases conflict But resources are frequently limited So conflict occurs Conflict between parents and offspring The amount of energy and time a parent has available for a particular offspring Versus investing in other offspring or its own surviva ...
... Enough resources (food, shelter, mates) decreases conflict But resources are frequently limited So conflict occurs Conflict between parents and offspring The amount of energy and time a parent has available for a particular offspring Versus investing in other offspring or its own surviva ...
Hunting and predation in a fiddler crab
... Abstract Fiddler crabs are known primarily to be deposit feeders. They eat detritus, bacteria, and other small particles of organic material found in the sandy or muddy substrate on which they live. They have highly specialized mouthparts used to separate edible matter from nondigestable material. H ...
... Abstract Fiddler crabs are known primarily to be deposit feeders. They eat detritus, bacteria, and other small particles of organic material found in the sandy or muddy substrate on which they live. They have highly specialized mouthparts used to separate edible matter from nondigestable material. H ...
Speciation without Pre-Defined Fitness Functions
... with similar genomes [20]. Fig 3 shows an example of a snapshot of the virtual world after thousands of time steps with emerging populations. It has been shown that the data generated by EcoSim present the same kind of multifractal properties as those observed in real ecosystems [23, 24]: with one e ...
... with similar genomes [20]. Fig 3 shows an example of a snapshot of the virtual world after thousands of time steps with emerging populations. It has been shown that the data generated by EcoSim present the same kind of multifractal properties as those observed in real ecosystems [23, 24]: with one e ...
(k(:i)logia Patterns of variation in life history among
... basedin its relative sizeand color using the following cateThe other site, Cano Volcan (8°59'15" Lat. N; gories:clear (1), translucent(2), opaque(3), small (1), medi69°53'30" Long. W), is a third order stream in the lowest um/small (2), medium (3), medium/large (4), and large (5). tier of the Andean ...
... basedin its relative sizeand color using the following cateThe other site, Cano Volcan (8°59'15" Lat. N; gories:clear (1), translucent(2), opaque(3), small (1), medi69°53'30" Long. W), is a third order stream in the lowest um/small (2), medium (3), medium/large (4), and large (5). tier of the Andean ...
Guppy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... cone'—and approach the predator from the side or back. They may also form a group for protection, the size of which is larger in high-predation populations. Although evidence indicates predators are less likely to attack an inspector than a noninspector, the inspectors remain at higher risk due to p ...
... cone'—and approach the predator from the side or back. They may also form a group for protection, the size of which is larger in high-predation populations. Although evidence indicates predators are less likely to attack an inspector than a noninspector, the inspectors remain at higher risk due to p ...
Behavioral ecology
Behavioral ecology is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures. Behavioral ecology emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behavior which are the proximate causes, ontogeny, survival value, and phylogeny of behavior.If an organism has a trait which provides them with a selective advantage (i.e. has an adaptive significance) in a new environment natural selection will likely favor it. This was originally proposed as the theory of natural selection by Charles Darwin. Adaptive significance therefore refers to the beneficial qualities, in terms of increased survival and reproduction, a trait conveys. Genetic differences in individuals lead to behavioral differences that in turn drive differences in adaptation, reproductive success, and ultimately evolution.Individuals are always in competition with others for limited resources, including food, territories, and mates. Conflict will occur between predators and prey, between rivals for mates, between siblings, mates, and even between parents and their offspring.