mTORC1 and the regulation of skeletal muscle anabolism and mass
... alone or in combination with intake of protein or amino acids. Because increased activity of the complex is implicated in the development of muscle insulin resistance, obesity, and some cancers (e.g., ovarian, breast), drugs that target mTORC1 are being developed or are in clinical trials. However, ...
... alone or in combination with intake of protein or amino acids. Because increased activity of the complex is implicated in the development of muscle insulin resistance, obesity, and some cancers (e.g., ovarian, breast), drugs that target mTORC1 are being developed or are in clinical trials. However, ...
Short-Term Overexpression of a Constitutively Active Form of AMP
... Recombinant Ads. AMPK␣2-CA was created by truncating a full-length myc epitope–tagged rat AMPK␣2 cDNA (a gift from D. Carling, London, U.K.) at residue 312, as described for the AMPK␣1 isoform (11). AMPK␣2-CA was amplified by PCR then subcloned into the pAdTrack shuttle vector, and recombinant adeno ...
... Recombinant Ads. AMPK␣2-CA was created by truncating a full-length myc epitope–tagged rat AMPK␣2 cDNA (a gift from D. Carling, London, U.K.) at residue 312, as described for the AMPK␣1 isoform (11). AMPK␣2-CA was amplified by PCR then subcloned into the pAdTrack shuttle vector, and recombinant adeno ...
Transcription mechanisms
... production of α-amanitin-resistant Pol II (Rogalski et al., 1988; Sanford et al., 1983). ama-1 was then shown to encode the Pol II large subunit based upon its similarity to the corresponding Drosophila gene (Bird and Riddle, 1989). Subsequently, a C. elegans Pol II in vitro transcription system was ...
... production of α-amanitin-resistant Pol II (Rogalski et al., 1988; Sanford et al., 1983). ama-1 was then shown to encode the Pol II large subunit based upon its similarity to the corresponding Drosophila gene (Bird and Riddle, 1989). Subsequently, a C. elegans Pol II in vitro transcription system was ...
A Molecular Switch for Targeting between Endoplasmic Reticulum
... marker, mtGFP (30), was a gift from Dr. R. Y. Tsien (University of California, San Diego). The ER targeting marker, ER-GFP was a gift from Dr. D. G. Pestov (University of Illinois) (31). The genomic organization of DAKAP1 was generated with onlinegenomic Blast analysis. Transfection Assay—10T 1/2 ce ...
... marker, mtGFP (30), was a gift from Dr. R. Y. Tsien (University of California, San Diego). The ER targeting marker, ER-GFP was a gift from Dr. D. G. Pestov (University of Illinois) (31). The genomic organization of DAKAP1 was generated with onlinegenomic Blast analysis. Transfection Assay—10T 1/2 ce ...
Acetyl CoA - WordPress.com
... activity of the complex dephosphorylation (by a pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase) restores activity of the complex ...
... activity of the complex dephosphorylation (by a pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase) restores activity of the complex ...
AMP-activated protein kinase and metabolic control - HAL
... Physical activity is an important determinant to prevent and control T2D. Current guidelines recommend practical, regular and moderate regimens of physical activity. The multiple metabolic adaptations that occur in response to physical activity can improve glycaemic control for individuals with T2D ...
... Physical activity is an important determinant to prevent and control T2D. Current guidelines recommend practical, regular and moderate regimens of physical activity. The multiple metabolic adaptations that occur in response to physical activity can improve glycaemic control for individuals with T2D ...
Bitis gabonica rhinoceros
... thrombin (table 1). This analysis showed that the Km value of rhinocerase was higher than that of trypsin and venom which indicates that Arg-AMC is a better substrate for trypsin and venom than rhinocerase. This suggests that the venom might have other serine proteases which cleave Arg-AMC better th ...
... thrombin (table 1). This analysis showed that the Km value of rhinocerase was higher than that of trypsin and venom which indicates that Arg-AMC is a better substrate for trypsin and venom than rhinocerase. This suggests that the venom might have other serine proteases which cleave Arg-AMC better th ...
Fatty acids stimulate insulin secretion from human pancreatic
... [1, 2]. Such potency has been reported to increase with chain length and degree of saturation of the FFAs [2, 3]. The effect of FFAs on insulin secretion has been related to FFA metabolism [4–6] and to signaling via Gq protein-coupled receptor, FFAR1/GPR40 [7, 8]. Our recent studies demonstrated tha ...
... [1, 2]. Such potency has been reported to increase with chain length and degree of saturation of the FFAs [2, 3]. The effect of FFAs on insulin secretion has been related to FFA metabolism [4–6] and to signaling via Gq protein-coupled receptor, FFAR1/GPR40 [7, 8]. Our recent studies demonstrated tha ...
Impaired glycogen synthesis causes metabolic
... The biosynthesis of glycogen or starch is one of the main strategies developed by living organisms for the intracellular storage of carbon and energy. In phototrophic organisms, such polyglucans accumulate due to carbon fixation during photosynthesis and are used to provide maintenance energy for ce ...
... The biosynthesis of glycogen or starch is one of the main strategies developed by living organisms for the intracellular storage of carbon and energy. In phototrophic organisms, such polyglucans accumulate due to carbon fixation during photosynthesis and are used to provide maintenance energy for ce ...
The presence of monoglucosylated N196
... Glycosylation is an important cellular modification, and it is related to many human diseases and developmental defects [1]. It introduces diversity into a biological system because of its inherent structural heterogeneity, and thus plays critical roles during a variety of cellular processes, such a ...
... Glycosylation is an important cellular modification, and it is related to many human diseases and developmental defects [1]. It introduces diversity into a biological system because of its inherent structural heterogeneity, and thus plays critical roles during a variety of cellular processes, such a ...
Spatial Reorganization of Glycogen Synthase upon Activation in 3T3
... seeded on coverslips and serum starved for 2.5 h the next day. Cells were preincubated in medium containing 0 or 5 mm glucose for 15 min before the insulin stimulation. Cells were then fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. In the presence of 5 mm glucose, insulin treatment resulted in the forma ...
... seeded on coverslips and serum starved for 2.5 h the next day. Cells were preincubated in medium containing 0 or 5 mm glucose for 15 min before the insulin stimulation. Cells were then fixed and analyzed by confocal microscopy. In the presence of 5 mm glucose, insulin treatment resulted in the forma ...
A. Work Accomplished by You and/or Others Cellular biology of
... A. Work Accomplished by You and/or Others Cellular biology of protein chaperones Protein molecular chaperones play critical roles in cellular biology. The family of proteins classified as molecular chaperones is large and diverse, but is united by a common characteristic – the ability to form transi ...
... A. Work Accomplished by You and/or Others Cellular biology of protein chaperones Protein molecular chaperones play critical roles in cellular biology. The family of proteins classified as molecular chaperones is large and diverse, but is united by a common characteristic – the ability to form transi ...
RXR Ligands Negatively Regulate Thrombosis and Hemostasis
... Treatment with 9-cis-retinoic acid caused inhibition of thrombus formation in vitro and an impairment of thrombosis and hemostasis in vivo. Both RXR ligands stimulated protein kinase A activation, measured by VASP S157 phosphorylation, that was found to be dependent on both cAMP and nuclear factor κ ...
... Treatment with 9-cis-retinoic acid caused inhibition of thrombus formation in vitro and an impairment of thrombosis and hemostasis in vivo. Both RXR ligands stimulated protein kinase A activation, measured by VASP S157 phosphorylation, that was found to be dependent on both cAMP and nuclear factor κ ...
Glycerol transport and phosphoenolpyruvate
... glycerol. In contrast, phosphorylated EIIAGlc had no inhibitory effect on glycerol kinase activity. In Grampositive bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus casseliflavus, glycerol kinase was found to be phosphorylated by PEP, enzyme I and HPr, and phosphorylation caused an " 10-fold ...
... glycerol. In contrast, phosphorylated EIIAGlc had no inhibitory effect on glycerol kinase activity. In Grampositive bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus casseliflavus, glycerol kinase was found to be phosphorylated by PEP, enzyme I and HPr, and phosphorylation caused an " 10-fold ...
The SR Protein SRp38 Represses Splicing in M Phase Cells
... in gene expression, is inhibited in extracts of mitotic cells. Strikingly, SRp38 was found to be dephosphorylated specifically in mitotic cells, and we show that dephosphorylated SRp38 is required for the observed splicing repression. Introduction Splicing of mRNA precursors is not only a nearly ubi ...
... in gene expression, is inhibited in extracts of mitotic cells. Strikingly, SRp38 was found to be dephosphorylated specifically in mitotic cells, and we show that dephosphorylated SRp38 is required for the observed splicing repression. Introduction Splicing of mRNA precursors is not only a nearly ubi ...
The Effect of a Limited Supply of Phenylalanine, Threonine, or
... The cellular protein of rumen bacteria and protozoa is collectively referred to as rumen microbial protein. The synthesis of microbial protein depends on the amount of RDP, including the supply of AA and peptides, and availability of fermentable carbohydrates. Fermentation of carbohydrates provides ...
... The cellular protein of rumen bacteria and protozoa is collectively referred to as rumen microbial protein. The synthesis of microbial protein depends on the amount of RDP, including the supply of AA and peptides, and availability of fermentable carbohydrates. Fermentation of carbohydrates provides ...
Extreme sweetness: protein glycosylation in archaea
... The advent of high-throughput sequencing has had an enormous impact on many areas of the biological sciences, but perhaps nowhere more so than in microbiology. At the same time, it has become clear that deciphering the genome sequence of a given microorganism cannot in itself explain the complexity ...
... The advent of high-throughput sequencing has had an enormous impact on many areas of the biological sciences, but perhaps nowhere more so than in microbiology. At the same time, it has become clear that deciphering the genome sequence of a given microorganism cannot in itself explain the complexity ...
Gene Section AURKB (aurora kinase B) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... the 26 residues lining the active site in Aurora A, Leu215, Thr217 and R220, are different from the corresponding residues in Aurora B and C (Brown et al., 2004); there is no difference in these 26 residues between Aurora B and C. The manner in which Aurora A binds to ATP (Bayliss et al., 2003) and ...
... the 26 residues lining the active site in Aurora A, Leu215, Thr217 and R220, are different from the corresponding residues in Aurora B and C (Brown et al., 2004); there is no difference in these 26 residues between Aurora B and C. The manner in which Aurora A binds to ATP (Bayliss et al., 2003) and ...
Proteomic Approach to Identify Novel
... translated, and some transcripts are generated by trans-splicing. The genome of plant mitochondria undergoes rearrangements, which can have important implications, e.g. in causing cytoplasmic male sterility (Janska et al., 1998). To identify further functions of plant mitochondria and to better unde ...
... translated, and some transcripts are generated by trans-splicing. The genome of plant mitochondria undergoes rearrangements, which can have important implications, e.g. in causing cytoplasmic male sterility (Janska et al., 1998). To identify further functions of plant mitochondria and to better unde ...
phosphorylation. synthesis via the mechanism of substrate level
... A mutant of Methanosarcina barkeri (Fusaro) is able to grow on pyruvate as the sole carbon and energy source. During growth, pyruvate is converted to CH4 and CO2, and about 1.5 mol of ATP per mol of CH4 is formed (A.-K. Bock, A. Prieger-Kraft, and P. Schönheit, Arch. Microbiol. 161:33–46, 1994). Th ...
... A mutant of Methanosarcina barkeri (Fusaro) is able to grow on pyruvate as the sole carbon and energy source. During growth, pyruvate is converted to CH4 and CO2, and about 1.5 mol of ATP per mol of CH4 is formed (A.-K. Bock, A. Prieger-Kraft, and P. Schönheit, Arch. Microbiol. 161:33–46, 1994). Th ...
The TSC1–TSC2 complex: a molecular switchboard controlling cell
... TOR proteins are serine/threonine kinases of the PIKK (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase) family, with orthologues found in all eukaryotes. TOR proteins play an evolutionarily conserved role in the control of cell growth (i.e. an increase in cell size), but they have also been found to regula ...
... TOR proteins are serine/threonine kinases of the PIKK (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinase) family, with orthologues found in all eukaryotes. TOR proteins play an evolutionarily conserved role in the control of cell growth (i.e. an increase in cell size), but they have also been found to regula ...
Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts
... fructose or mannose [65,66]. Both low- and high-affinity glucose uptakes are totally abolished in hxt1-7 mutants [67]. Two transport-related proteins, Snf3 and Rgt2, act as glucose sensors in a signal transduction pathway through Grr1 [68]. The Snf3 high-affinity glucose transporter is required to i ...
... fructose or mannose [65,66]. Both low- and high-affinity glucose uptakes are totally abolished in hxt1-7 mutants [67]. Two transport-related proteins, Snf3 and Rgt2, act as glucose sensors in a signal transduction pathway through Grr1 [68]. The Snf3 high-affinity glucose transporter is required to i ...
inclusion of a glycogen regulation mathematical model into a
... educational perspective, this is a very exciting time to work in this field of research as we are currently in the beginning of a great revolution of bringing together disciplines that have traditionally been separated. Life does not separate itself into history, English, biology, mathematics, etcet ...
... educational perspective, this is a very exciting time to work in this field of research as we are currently in the beginning of a great revolution of bringing together disciplines that have traditionally been separated. Life does not separate itself into history, English, biology, mathematics, etcet ...
Chromatin Dynamics during Lytic Infection with Herpes Simplex
... for a total of 200 bp and ~2 turns. The linear chain of nucleosomes is then folded into complex higher order structures to form the chromatin fibers. Chromatin is essential to compact the long eukaryotic genomic DNA to fit within the cell nucleus. For example, the more than 1m of human genomic DNA i ...
... for a total of 200 bp and ~2 turns. The linear chain of nucleosomes is then folded into complex higher order structures to form the chromatin fibers. Chromatin is essential to compact the long eukaryotic genomic DNA to fit within the cell nucleus. For example, the more than 1m of human genomic DNA i ...
Sugar Signaling and Proteolysis in Higher Plants
... showed that there are several potential locations for signal input into the sugar sensing system. Following the common catabolic pathway of sugars, the first potential sensing step is their translocation through the plasma membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Glc transporters SNF3 and RGT2 act as ...
... showed that there are several potential locations for signal input into the sugar sensing system. Following the common catabolic pathway of sugars, the first potential sensing step is their translocation through the plasma membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Glc transporters SNF3 and RGT2 act as ...
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO43−) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation and its counterpart, dephosphorylation, turn many protein enzymes on and off, thereby altering their function and activity. Protein phosphorylation is one type of post-translational modification.Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes. Its prominent role in biochemistry is the subject of a very large body of research (as of March 2015, the Medline database returns over 240,000 articles on the subject, largely on protein phosphorylation).