The nullo protein is a component of the actin
... homology to known proteins, including the sry-α protein. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the nullo protein has an excess of basic amino acids (predicted pI is 11.4) and suggested that the protein may be myristoylated (Rose and Wieschaus, 1992). However, previous studies did not address intracell ...
... homology to known proteins, including the sry-α protein. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the nullo protein has an excess of basic amino acids (predicted pI is 11.4) and suggested that the protein may be myristoylated (Rose and Wieschaus, 1992). However, previous studies did not address intracell ...
Serine/Threonine Kinase 3-Phosphoinositide
... signaling pathways stimulate membrane protrusion and retraction, respectively. In most cases, cell orientation is determined by external gradients of soluble and/or adhesive factors. Even in the absence of such cues, persistence and internal spatial organization of intracellular signaling can still ...
... signaling pathways stimulate membrane protrusion and retraction, respectively. In most cases, cell orientation is determined by external gradients of soluble and/or adhesive factors. Even in the absence of such cues, persistence and internal spatial organization of intracellular signaling can still ...
Facing extremes: archaeal surface-layer (glyco)proteins
... linked through N-acetylgalactosamine positioned at the 2-asparagine position of the protein (Lechner & Wieland, 1989). It remains unclear how the archaeal glycosylation machinery determines which oligosaccharide entity is to be attached to a particular glycosylation site. Moreover, it could be shown ...
... linked through N-acetylgalactosamine positioned at the 2-asparagine position of the protein (Lechner & Wieland, 1989). It remains unclear how the archaeal glycosylation machinery determines which oligosaccharide entity is to be attached to a particular glycosylation site. Moreover, it could be shown ...
DEFINING THE ROLE OF THE SHP2 PROTEIN TYROSINE
... Mast cells are granulocytes that are a key component of the innate and adaptive immune system, and contribute to allergic disorders. Mast cell activation following clustering of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) by multivalent antigens requires reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of myriad sign ...
... Mast cells are granulocytes that are a key component of the innate and adaptive immune system, and contribute to allergic disorders. Mast cell activation following clustering of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) by multivalent antigens requires reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of myriad sign ...
A PP2A-B55 recognition signal controls substrate
... showed normal anaphase spindle recruitment (Fig. S2 D). Deletion mapping experiments confirmed that a region containing the B55 BPR and spectrin-fold domain has dephosphorylation kinetics similar to the full-length protein (Fig. S2, A–C) but fails to target to microtubules in anaphase (Fig. S2 D). S ...
... showed normal anaphase spindle recruitment (Fig. S2 D). Deletion mapping experiments confirmed that a region containing the B55 BPR and spectrin-fold domain has dephosphorylation kinetics similar to the full-length protein (Fig. S2, A–C) but fails to target to microtubules in anaphase (Fig. S2 D). S ...
TGF-beta SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION - University of Colorado-MCDB
... fascinating array of cellular processes including cell proliferation, lineage determination, differentiation, motility, adhesion, and death. Expressed in complex temporal and tissue-specific patterns, TGF-β and related factors play a prominent role in the development, homeostasis, and repair of virt ...
... fascinating array of cellular processes including cell proliferation, lineage determination, differentiation, motility, adhesion, and death. Expressed in complex temporal and tissue-specific patterns, TGF-β and related factors play a prominent role in the development, homeostasis, and repair of virt ...
Facing extremes: archaeal surface-layer (glyco)proteins
... linked through N-acetylgalactosamine positioned at the 2-asparagine position of the protein (Lechner & Wieland, 1989). It remains unclear how the archaeal glycosylation machinery determines which oligosaccharide entity is to be attached to a particular glycosylation site. Moreover, it could be shown ...
... linked through N-acetylgalactosamine positioned at the 2-asparagine position of the protein (Lechner & Wieland, 1989). It remains unclear how the archaeal glycosylation machinery determines which oligosaccharide entity is to be attached to a particular glycosylation site. Moreover, it could be shown ...
Yeast
... enzyme in fraction Sf was more stable, because no loss in activity was detected after 6 months storage at 4C in phosphate buffer, 50 m, pH 7·8 (data not shown). Enzyme purification Table 1 shows the purification steps of the Cu–Zn SOD isolated from D. hansenii. As indicated, there is a dramatic in ...
... enzyme in fraction Sf was more stable, because no loss in activity was detected after 6 months storage at 4C in phosphate buffer, 50 m, pH 7·8 (data not shown). Enzyme purification Table 1 shows the purification steps of the Cu–Zn SOD isolated from D. hansenii. As indicated, there is a dramatic in ...
Antisense-mediated FLC transcriptional repression requires the P
... CDKC;2 is homologous to the CDK9 kinase subunit of human P-TEFb. P-TEFb phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II at the Ser2 site within the heptad repeats (26, 29). This Ser2 posttranslational modification orchestrates the interplay between transcriptional elongation and processing of m ...
... CDKC;2 is homologous to the CDK9 kinase subunit of human P-TEFb. P-TEFb phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II at the Ser2 site within the heptad repeats (26, 29). This Ser2 posttranslational modification orchestrates the interplay between transcriptional elongation and processing of m ...
Shaping mitotic chromosomes: From classical concepts to molecular
... incubation of human cultured cells with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid results in H3S10 phosphorylation in the vast majority of cells, yet chromosomes condense only in a very small fraction of cells [39]. Finally, a Drosophila mutant of the Aurora B kinase-associated Borealin protein still s ...
... incubation of human cultured cells with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid results in H3S10 phosphorylation in the vast majority of cells, yet chromosomes condense only in a very small fraction of cells [39]. Finally, a Drosophila mutant of the Aurora B kinase-associated Borealin protein still s ...
The semi-phosphorylative Entner–Doudoroff pathway in
... aldolase, forming pyruvate and GA (glyceraldehyde). GA is further oxidized to form glycerate, either by an NAD(P)+ -dependent glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase [6] or by a ferredoxin-dependent GA oxidoreductase [8,17–19]; glycerate is phosphorylated to 2-phosphoglycerate by glycerate kinase [6]. 2-Phosph ...
... aldolase, forming pyruvate and GA (glyceraldehyde). GA is further oxidized to form glycerate, either by an NAD(P)+ -dependent glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase [6] or by a ferredoxin-dependent GA oxidoreductase [8,17–19]; glycerate is phosphorylated to 2-phosphoglycerate by glycerate kinase [6]. 2-Phosph ...
Ubiquitination and Auxin Signaling: A Degrading Story
... are the SCF ubiquitin protein ligases (for Skp1p, Cdc53p/ cullin, and F-box protein in yeast and mammals) (reviewed by Deshaies, 1999; Xiao and Jang, 2000). SCF complexes are multimeric enzymes of at least four subunits built around a member of the cullin family of proteins (Mathias et al., 1996). I ...
... are the SCF ubiquitin protein ligases (for Skp1p, Cdc53p/ cullin, and F-box protein in yeast and mammals) (reviewed by Deshaies, 1999; Xiao and Jang, 2000). SCF complexes are multimeric enzymes of at least four subunits built around a member of the cullin family of proteins (Mathias et al., 1996). I ...
The tale beyond the tail: histone core domain
... The solvent accessible face of the nucleosome provides a large surface on which interactions can occur that impact the regulation of chromatin structure. For example, specific regions of the nucleosome surface are critical for the assembly of silent chromatin structure in yeast and contacts between ...
... The solvent accessible face of the nucleosome provides a large surface on which interactions can occur that impact the regulation of chromatin structure. For example, specific regions of the nucleosome surface are critical for the assembly of silent chromatin structure in yeast and contacts between ...
Histone methylation
... Collaborative and antagonistic relationships among different histone marks. It is important to note that histone methylation marks do not appear in isolation. Methylation can occur at multiple different sites on the same histone, but some histone marks are mutually exclusive. For instance, in mammal ...
... Collaborative and antagonistic relationships among different histone marks. It is important to note that histone methylation marks do not appear in isolation. Methylation can occur at multiple different sites on the same histone, but some histone marks are mutually exclusive. For instance, in mammal ...
The MKK7 gene encodes a group of c-Jun NH2
... Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are components of pathways that relay signals to particular cell compartments in response to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli (38, 42, 63, 83). Activated MAPK can translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate substrates, including transcription factor ...
... Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are components of pathways that relay signals to particular cell compartments in response to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli (38, 42, 63, 83). Activated MAPK can translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate substrates, including transcription factor ...
Adaptation and Specialization in the Evolution of Bacterial
... adequately in a variety of environments that can coexist with ‘specialist’ organisms that occupy smaller niches but with greater effectiveness. Critical to the emergence of specialization is the constancy of an environment [3]. By occupying the same environment for an extended period of time, the ad ...
... adequately in a variety of environments that can coexist with ‘specialist’ organisms that occupy smaller niches but with greater effectiveness. Critical to the emergence of specialization is the constancy of an environment [3]. By occupying the same environment for an extended period of time, the ad ...
Chapter 4 Calsequestrin - Department of Molecular Physiology and
... vesicles, when this permeant anion is added to the assay mixture Costantin et al. (1965) demonstrated Ca2+ oxalate precipitates in the terminal cisternae of whole fibers. These studies demonstrate that Ca2+ can be pumped into luminal sites. The fate of Ca2+ in the absence of precipitating anions is ...
... vesicles, when this permeant anion is added to the assay mixture Costantin et al. (1965) demonstrated Ca2+ oxalate precipitates in the terminal cisternae of whole fibers. These studies demonstrate that Ca2+ can be pumped into luminal sites. The fate of Ca2+ in the absence of precipitating anions is ...
103 Rev Ex1 key Win06
... Steroid hormones are biosynthesized from cholesterol in the endocrine glands and act as chemical messengers between different parts of the body. 28. What are the roles of aldosterone and cortisone (two corticosteroids produced in the adrenal glands)? Aldosterone acts in the kidneys to control electr ...
... Steroid hormones are biosynthesized from cholesterol in the endocrine glands and act as chemical messengers between different parts of the body. 28. What are the roles of aldosterone and cortisone (two corticosteroids produced in the adrenal glands)? Aldosterone acts in the kidneys to control electr ...
On the mechanism of action of the antifungal agent propionate
... the strain did not grow on acetate and growth on acetate/propionate was very poor. Therefore, we used the following composition of media and growth times: 10 mM glucose + 100 mM acetate harvest after 27 h; 10 mM glucose + 100 mM propionate harvest after 29 h; 10 mM glucose + 100 mM acetate + 100 mM ...
... the strain did not grow on acetate and growth on acetate/propionate was very poor. Therefore, we used the following composition of media and growth times: 10 mM glucose + 100 mM acetate harvest after 27 h; 10 mM glucose + 100 mM propionate harvest after 29 h; 10 mM glucose + 100 mM acetate + 100 mM ...
The 14-3-3 gene par-5 is required for germline development and
... in the mitotic entry at the first embryonic division (Brauchle et al., 2003). Through video recordings of the first embryonic division, we observed that par-5(RNAi) and par-5(it55) embryos rescued the HU-induced cell cycle delay (supplementary material Fig. S4). Therefore, par-5 is also required for ...
... in the mitotic entry at the first embryonic division (Brauchle et al., 2003). Through video recordings of the first embryonic division, we observed that par-5(RNAi) and par-5(it55) embryos rescued the HU-induced cell cycle delay (supplementary material Fig. S4). Therefore, par-5 is also required for ...
Signaling pathways in myocyte hypertrophy. Role of GATA4
... protein synthesis, reinitiating expression of fetal forms of structural genes, α-skeletal actin (α-SkA) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), and by increasing expression and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Initially, the response is beneficial, but wh ...
... protein synthesis, reinitiating expression of fetal forms of structural genes, α-skeletal actin (α-SkA) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), and by increasing expression and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Initially, the response is beneficial, but wh ...
DNA damage and decisions: CtIP coordinates DNA repair and cell
... digests 50 termini of DNA ends (see below) [10,16–18]. This model also explains why CtIP is required for Chk1 phosphorylation and checkpoint activation in response to DSBs, but not to stalled replication forks [11]. At stalled replication forks, the ssDNA structure that activates ATR is generated th ...
... digests 50 termini of DNA ends (see below) [10,16–18]. This model also explains why CtIP is required for Chk1 phosphorylation and checkpoint activation in response to DSBs, but not to stalled replication forks [11]. At stalled replication forks, the ssDNA structure that activates ATR is generated th ...
The ATP synthase is involved in generating mitochondrial cristae
... ATP18, ATP20 or TIM11 genes, encoding subunits i, g and e, respectively. The null mutant in the ATP18 gene was used as a control as it is partially defective for ATP synthesis (Vaillier et al., 1999), yet still contains a stable ATP synthase and thus more closely mimics the mutations in ATP20 and TI ...
... ATP18, ATP20 or TIM11 genes, encoding subunits i, g and e, respectively. The null mutant in the ATP18 gene was used as a control as it is partially defective for ATP synthesis (Vaillier et al., 1999), yet still contains a stable ATP synthase and thus more closely mimics the mutations in ATP20 and TI ...
Involvement of Polyamine Catabolism in the Regulation of Glucose
... that are positively charged under physiological conditions. Homeostatic control of intracellular polyamine levels is achieved by regulating the synthesis, catabolism and transport of these molecules. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) is the key enzyme in the catabolism of polyamines. T ...
... that are positively charged under physiological conditions. Homeostatic control of intracellular polyamine levels is achieved by regulating the synthesis, catabolism and transport of these molecules. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) is the key enzyme in the catabolism of polyamines. T ...
The Role of Cyclin B in Meiosis I
... rise and fall in parallel with the cell cycle, but their destruction periods are slightly offset. We have previously shown that when pure cyclin A is introduced into frog oocytes, which are physiologically arrested at the G2/M border of meiosis I and contain a pool of cdc2 protein kinase, it causes ...
... rise and fall in parallel with the cell cycle, but their destruction periods are slightly offset. We have previously shown that when pure cyclin A is introduced into frog oocytes, which are physiologically arrested at the G2/M border of meiosis I and contain a pool of cdc2 protein kinase, it causes ...
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO43−) group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation and its counterpart, dephosphorylation, turn many protein enzymes on and off, thereby altering their function and activity. Protein phosphorylation is one type of post-translational modification.Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes. Its prominent role in biochemistry is the subject of a very large body of research (as of March 2015, the Medline database returns over 240,000 articles on the subject, largely on protein phosphorylation).