Eph/ephrins and N-cadherin coordinate to control the
... into discrete sympathetic ganglia Our first goal was to identify candidate molecules with a spatiotemporal expression pattern that correlated with the movements of neural crest cells from inter-ganglionic regions. As ephrinB1 and its receptor, EphB2, have been shown to be expressed in complementary ...
... into discrete sympathetic ganglia Our first goal was to identify candidate molecules with a spatiotemporal expression pattern that correlated with the movements of neural crest cells from inter-ganglionic regions. As ephrinB1 and its receptor, EphB2, have been shown to be expressed in complementary ...
+Tec - Blood Journal
... with alkaline phosphatase was used (data not shown). To analyze the role of Tec in the IL-3 signaling pathway, tyrosine-phosphorylation of Tec was investigated in an IL-3dependent myeloid cell line, 32D (Fig 4A). Total cell lysates, normal rabbit serum immunoprecipitates, and anti-Tec serum immunopr ...
... with alkaline phosphatase was used (data not shown). To analyze the role of Tec in the IL-3 signaling pathway, tyrosine-phosphorylation of Tec was investigated in an IL-3dependent myeloid cell line, 32D (Fig 4A). Total cell lysates, normal rabbit serum immunoprecipitates, and anti-Tec serum immunopr ...
Good news in the nuclear envelope: loss of lamin A might be a gain
... our understanding of the lamin proteins from being merely structural elements of the cell nucleus and has implicated them in novel cellular functions including signal transduction and gene expression. However, it now appears that the physiological relevance of one of the lamin proteins in organismal ...
... our understanding of the lamin proteins from being merely structural elements of the cell nucleus and has implicated them in novel cellular functions including signal transduction and gene expression. However, it now appears that the physiological relevance of one of the lamin proteins in organismal ...
Churchill, a Zinc Finger Transcriptional Activator, Regulates the
... 6 (Figures 2C–2E). Since the predicted protein sequence does not include a nuclear localization signal, and since the protein does not localize to the nucleus until midto-late blastula, it is likely that ChCh is carried to the nucleus by another protein that appears at this time. What is the functio ...
... 6 (Figures 2C–2E). Since the predicted protein sequence does not include a nuclear localization signal, and since the protein does not localize to the nucleus until midto-late blastula, it is likely that ChCh is carried to the nucleus by another protein that appears at this time. What is the functio ...
- Wiley Online Library
... by septa. During the germination in A. nidulans, the conidiospores undergo multiple rounds of nuclear division to produce eight or 16 nuclei in germlings, but they do not undergo septation until the cell reaches an appropriate size/volume, and then forms the first septum near the neck between spore ...
... by septa. During the germination in A. nidulans, the conidiospores undergo multiple rounds of nuclear division to produce eight or 16 nuclei in germlings, but they do not undergo septation until the cell reaches an appropriate size/volume, and then forms the first septum near the neck between spore ...
Subcellular localization of peroxidase in tomato fruit skin and the
... The cessation of tomato fruit growth has been associated with the appearance of three `wall-bound' peroxidase isozymes in the skin of tomato fruit. However, the presence of these isozymes in the ionically eluted `wall-bound' fraction may be an artefact of either non-speci®c binding of symplastic per ...
... The cessation of tomato fruit growth has been associated with the appearance of three `wall-bound' peroxidase isozymes in the skin of tomato fruit. However, the presence of these isozymes in the ionically eluted `wall-bound' fraction may be an artefact of either non-speci®c binding of symplastic per ...
Evolutionary Convergence and Shared Computational Principles in
... of the pigeon in terms of the commonly used synchronicity index (vector strength) as well as by measuring temporal dispersion. Vector strength of phase-locking decreased for frequencies above 1 kHz. Temporal dispersion, however, also decreased with frequency, indicating enhanced temporal synchrony a ...
... of the pigeon in terms of the commonly used synchronicity index (vector strength) as well as by measuring temporal dispersion. Vector strength of phase-locking decreased for frequencies above 1 kHz. Temporal dispersion, however, also decreased with frequency, indicating enhanced temporal synchrony a ...
Word - The Open University
... Other proteins can attach to the sides of filaments and promote rupture of the filaments, stabilisation of the filaments, bundling of filaments, or branching by the nucleation of new filaments. An example of a filament-cleaving molecule, gelsolin, is shown in Figure 2. It is thought that gelsolin ta ...
... Other proteins can attach to the sides of filaments and promote rupture of the filaments, stabilisation of the filaments, bundling of filaments, or branching by the nucleation of new filaments. An example of a filament-cleaving molecule, gelsolin, is shown in Figure 2. It is thought that gelsolin ta ...
Impact of invertase overexpression on cell size
... glucose in transgenic plants that overexpressed a yeastderived invertase ( Fig. 4). This increase started to be visible in stage 3 except for U-IN-2 plants where changes were less obvious until stage 4. When the glucose-tosucrose ratio was calculated (not shown) a significant increase was seen from ...
... glucose in transgenic plants that overexpressed a yeastderived invertase ( Fig. 4). This increase started to be visible in stage 3 except for U-IN-2 plants where changes were less obvious until stage 4. When the glucose-tosucrose ratio was calculated (not shown) a significant increase was seen from ...
Slits affect the timely migration of neural crest cells via robo receptor
... Slits are expressed during earlier stages, before trunk neural crest initiate delamination (before HH13). We observed that in HH12–13 embryos (Fig. 1A–C, H–K), as for HH17 (see Supp. Fig. S1A–H, which is available online), Slit1, Slit2, and Slit3 are expressed in the trunk dorsal neural tube but are ...
... Slits are expressed during earlier stages, before trunk neural crest initiate delamination (before HH13). We observed that in HH12–13 embryos (Fig. 1A–C, H–K), as for HH17 (see Supp. Fig. S1A–H, which is available online), Slit1, Slit2, and Slit3 are expressed in the trunk dorsal neural tube but are ...
Competition with pathogens in mucosal colonization
... pathogens from the vaginal mucosa. Multiple components of the bacterial cell surface seem to participate in the adherence of the strains to vaginal epithelial cells. In L. acidophilus and L. gasseri, adherence involved proteins and carbohydrate (possibly a glycoprotein), while L. jensenii adherence ...
... pathogens from the vaginal mucosa. Multiple components of the bacterial cell surface seem to participate in the adherence of the strains to vaginal epithelial cells. In L. acidophilus and L. gasseri, adherence involved proteins and carbohydrate (possibly a glycoprotein), while L. jensenii adherence ...
In the prevailing view Conducitn is usually considered to act as a
... but, surprisingly, abolished puncta formation by Dvl2 (Fig. 3C). The M3 mutation impairs the head interaction surface of the axin DIX domain preventing its homopolymerisation, but leaves the tail interaction surface intact for interaction with Dvl2 (Fiedler et al., 2011). We propose that this result ...
... but, surprisingly, abolished puncta formation by Dvl2 (Fig. 3C). The M3 mutation impairs the head interaction surface of the axin DIX domain preventing its homopolymerisation, but leaves the tail interaction surface intact for interaction with Dvl2 (Fiedler et al., 2011). We propose that this result ...
Dual mode of paraxial mesoderm formation during chick gastrulation
... mesoderm. In double- (Fig. 1d) or single-graft (Fig. 1 i and l) experiments analyzed after 24 h, cells from the 90% level of the streak mostly gave rise to cells in medial somites from the anterior level of the somitic region to the tail bud (SI Table 1; Fig. 1 e, g, and j). In contrast, grafts of m ...
... mesoderm. In double- (Fig. 1d) or single-graft (Fig. 1 i and l) experiments analyzed after 24 h, cells from the 90% level of the streak mostly gave rise to cells in medial somites from the anterior level of the somitic region to the tail bud (SI Table 1; Fig. 1 e, g, and j). In contrast, grafts of m ...
eXtra Botany - Oxford Academic
... Ayres, 2008; Leyser, 2010). The functioning of auxin relates in part to its polar transport and, for tropisms, to its lateral transport. A widely accepted mechanism for polar auxin transport (PAT) is the chemiosmotic hypothesis (Rubery and Sheldrake, 1973, 1974; Raven, 1975; Goldsmith, 1977; Hošek ...
... Ayres, 2008; Leyser, 2010). The functioning of auxin relates in part to its polar transport and, for tropisms, to its lateral transport. A widely accepted mechanism for polar auxin transport (PAT) is the chemiosmotic hypothesis (Rubery and Sheldrake, 1973, 1974; Raven, 1975; Goldsmith, 1977; Hošek ...
Lewis - Gene Ontology Consortium
... name: B-cell differentiation is_a: GO:0042113 ! B-cell activation is_a: GO:0030098 ! lymphocyte differentiation intersection_of: is_a GO:0030154 ! cell differentiation intersection_of: has_participant CL:0000236 ! B-cell ...
... name: B-cell differentiation is_a: GO:0042113 ! B-cell activation is_a: GO:0030098 ! lymphocyte differentiation intersection_of: is_a GO:0030154 ! cell differentiation intersection_of: has_participant CL:0000236 ! B-cell ...
The regulation and plasticity of root hair patterning
... the absorptive area, particularly in the Pi-rich topsoil layer. The coordination of shoot and root responses involves trafficking of systemic signals, such as sugar, microRNAs and hormones, through the vasculature to tune the responses in roots (Lin et al., 2014). The morphological responses of root ...
... the absorptive area, particularly in the Pi-rich topsoil layer. The coordination of shoot and root responses involves trafficking of systemic signals, such as sugar, microRNAs and hormones, through the vasculature to tune the responses in roots (Lin et al., 2014). The morphological responses of root ...
Intravenously-Delivered Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Systemic Anti
... This “inflammatory” concept of disease progression has led us to explore the potential of a particular strategy that has the capacity not only to modulate inflammatory responses, but also to favorably alter other mechanisms believed to contribute to progressive LV dysfunction. That strategy is the s ...
... This “inflammatory” concept of disease progression has led us to explore the potential of a particular strategy that has the capacity not only to modulate inflammatory responses, but also to favorably alter other mechanisms believed to contribute to progressive LV dysfunction. That strategy is the s ...
Defining a Centromere-like Element in Bacillus
... does the sporangium ensure that the forespore and the mother cell each receive a chromosome and how does it do so with high efficiency? Chromosome segregation during sporulation takes place in three stages. First, the sister chromosomes are remodeled into a single elongated, serpentine-like DNA mass ...
... does the sporangium ensure that the forespore and the mother cell each receive a chromosome and how does it do so with high efficiency? Chromosome segregation during sporulation takes place in three stages. First, the sister chromosomes are remodeled into a single elongated, serpentine-like DNA mass ...
The Arabidopsis trichome is an active mechanosensory switch
... (Solanum lycopersicum) plants has been shown to trigger defensive responses (Peiffer et al. 2009). However, it is surprising that Arabidopsis trichomes have not yet received careful attention from the perspective of active structures, as systems that can enable repeated transduction of mechanical re ...
... (Solanum lycopersicum) plants has been shown to trigger defensive responses (Peiffer et al. 2009). However, it is surprising that Arabidopsis trichomes have not yet received careful attention from the perspective of active structures, as systems that can enable repeated transduction of mechanical re ...
Motilities Swimming, Swarming, and Twitching Adherent Phenotypic
... performed with each assay. Duplicate apparatus were incubated at 37°C for 45 min, and the content of the syringe was then diluted in 25 mM PBS and plated onto TSA plates for cell enumeration. Biofilm formation assay with polystyrene culture tubes. The biofilm formation protocol was adapted from that ...
... performed with each assay. Duplicate apparatus were incubated at 37°C for 45 min, and the content of the syringe was then diluted in 25 mM PBS and plated onto TSA plates for cell enumeration. Biofilm formation assay with polystyrene culture tubes. The biofilm formation protocol was adapted from that ...
Characterization and Biological Activities of Ocellatin Peptides from
... -PT2) decreases the α-helix content (Figures S4 and S5A). This could be related to antimicrobial activity against E. coli, as peptides with Phe3 and Gly8 present slightly lower MICs against this strain (Table 3). The presence of the amino acids Asp8 (in ocellatins-PT1, -PT2, and -PT-5), Asp12 (ocell ...
... -PT2) decreases the α-helix content (Figures S4 and S5A). This could be related to antimicrobial activity against E. coli, as peptides with Phe3 and Gly8 present slightly lower MICs against this strain (Table 3). The presence of the amino acids Asp8 (in ocellatins-PT1, -PT2, and -PT-5), Asp12 (ocell ...
Pseudomonas spp.-induced systemic resistance
... performed as described by Aziz et al. (2003). Stilbenes from the cells (2 ml) were extracted in 2 ml of 85% methanol overnight at 4 C. After centrifugation (10 min, 5000 g), supernatants were evaporated under nitrogen and the samples were solubilized in 1 ml of 100% methanol. Phytoalexins were anal ...
... performed as described by Aziz et al. (2003). Stilbenes from the cells (2 ml) were extracted in 2 ml of 85% methanol overnight at 4 C. After centrifugation (10 min, 5000 g), supernatants were evaporated under nitrogen and the samples were solubilized in 1 ml of 100% methanol. Phytoalexins were anal ...
ATR Regulates a G2-Phase Cell-Cycle Checkpoint
... levels. The G2 arrest in response to aphidicolin was abrogated in atr mutants, suggesting that ATR regulates the G2 checkpoint response to replication blocks, as it does in mammals. Moreover, programmed cell death was observed in atr mutants in response to aphidicolin, but not HU, under our experime ...
... levels. The G2 arrest in response to aphidicolin was abrogated in atr mutants, suggesting that ATR regulates the G2 checkpoint response to replication blocks, as it does in mammals. Moreover, programmed cell death was observed in atr mutants in response to aphidicolin, but not HU, under our experime ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.