Conserving Biodiversity in Urbanizing Areas: Nontraditional Views
... consequences of the ability of certain species to colonize the habitat as well as the likelihood that populations of various species will persist or go locally extinct. In this respect, urbanization affects animal communities in at least two integrated ways (Fig. 1). First, some populations persist ...
... consequences of the ability of certain species to colonize the habitat as well as the likelihood that populations of various species will persist or go locally extinct. In this respect, urbanization affects animal communities in at least two integrated ways (Fig. 1). First, some populations persist ...
Heterogeneity
... • Locally, burning seemed to have higher heterogeneity than grazing, whilst the corollary was true at a regional scale. • Overall, untreated local plots had the most heterogeneity, but regional responses varied to a large degree, depending on season of burning (spring burning then grazing increased ...
... • Locally, burning seemed to have higher heterogeneity than grazing, whilst the corollary was true at a regional scale. • Overall, untreated local plots had the most heterogeneity, but regional responses varied to a large degree, depending on season of burning (spring burning then grazing increased ...
Competitive avoidance not edaphic specialization drives vertical
... may also play a role in driving the differential vertical distribution of EM fungi. It is widely recognized that the plant root density declines with increasing depth (Jackson et al., 1996), and Peay et al. (2011) found evidence that EM fungal community composition was strongly influenced by horizon ...
... may also play a role in driving the differential vertical distribution of EM fungi. It is widely recognized that the plant root density declines with increasing depth (Jackson et al., 1996), and Peay et al. (2011) found evidence that EM fungal community composition was strongly influenced by horizon ...
Trait matching of flower visitors and crops predicts
... crop flowers per insect species and fruit set in 469 fields of 33 crop systems. Through hierarchical mixed-effects models, we tested whether flower visitor trait diversity and/or trait matching between flower visitors and crops improve the prediction of crop fruit set (functioning) beyond flower vis ...
... crop flowers per insect species and fruit set in 469 fields of 33 crop systems. Through hierarchical mixed-effects models, we tested whether flower visitor trait diversity and/or trait matching between flower visitors and crops improve the prediction of crop fruit set (functioning) beyond flower vis ...
Reprint
... the apparent ‘prudence’ in exploitation of prey by natural predators could come about by selection operating at the level of the individual. One likely cause is that the predator selects for prey life histories in which the effects of predation on the prey’s reproductive success are reduced, a proces ...
... the apparent ‘prudence’ in exploitation of prey by natural predators could come about by selection operating at the level of the individual. One likely cause is that the predator selects for prey life histories in which the effects of predation on the prey’s reproductive success are reduced, a proces ...
Sample Chapter Anthropogenic Impacts
... organisms in San Francisco Bay are mainly introduced forms, with more than 200 nonindigenous species now inhabiting bay waters and wetland habitat (Kennish, 2000). Some exotic species inhabiting estuaries have been accidentally introduced via ballast water or some other means. Nearly all estuaries a ...
... organisms in San Francisco Bay are mainly introduced forms, with more than 200 nonindigenous species now inhabiting bay waters and wetland habitat (Kennish, 2000). Some exotic species inhabiting estuaries have been accidentally introduced via ballast water or some other means. Nearly all estuaries a ...
how do different measures of functional diversity perform?
... variable was significantly associated with aboveground biomass production, whether probabilities were calculated by F tests in the case of log2(species richness) and FGR or by bootstrapping in the case of FAD and FD. The maximum explanatory power of both FAD and FD was attained by including only one ...
... variable was significantly associated with aboveground biomass production, whether probabilities were calculated by F tests in the case of log2(species richness) and FGR or by bootstrapping in the case of FAD and FD. The maximum explanatory power of both FAD and FD was attained by including only one ...
Evolutionary ecology of mountain birch in subarctic stress gradients
... it also causes evolutionary change, i.e. local adaptations to stress and eventually speciation. In certain conditions local adaptations to environmental stress have been documented in a matter of just a few generations. In plant-plant interactions, intensities of both negative interactions (competit ...
... it also causes evolutionary change, i.e. local adaptations to stress and eventually speciation. In certain conditions local adaptations to environmental stress have been documented in a matter of just a few generations. In plant-plant interactions, intensities of both negative interactions (competit ...
Ecosystem services generated by fish populations
... In this paper, we review the role of fish populations in generating ecosystem services based on documented ecological functions and human demands of fish. The ongoing overexploitation of global fish resources concerns our societies, not only in terms of decreasing fish populations important for cons ...
... In this paper, we review the role of fish populations in generating ecosystem services based on documented ecological functions and human demands of fish. The ongoing overexploitation of global fish resources concerns our societies, not only in terms of decreasing fish populations important for cons ...
Diversity of Interactions: A Metric for Studies of Biodiversity
... The quantitative investigation of food webs therefore requires the development of sampling schemes designed to infer the properties of the complete community food web from samples that in practice represent only a portion of the community. Current quantitative food-web investigations solve this prob ...
... The quantitative investigation of food webs therefore requires the development of sampling schemes designed to infer the properties of the complete community food web from samples that in practice represent only a portion of the community. Current quantitative food-web investigations solve this prob ...
Course Outline
... Biodiversity includes the diversity of genes, species and ecosystems; measures of biodiversity rely on classification and are used to make comparisons across spatial and temporal scales. Most common definitions of species rely on morphological or genetic similarity or the ability to interbreed to pr ...
... Biodiversity includes the diversity of genes, species and ecosystems; measures of biodiversity rely on classification and are used to make comparisons across spatial and temporal scales. Most common definitions of species rely on morphological or genetic similarity or the ability to interbreed to pr ...
Conservatism of responses to environmental change is rare under
... and water uptake (Craine et al., 2003), but periodic drought tolerance also requires that the plant be able to store water for later use, which is not an adaptation related to nitrogen uptake (Craine, 2009). This suggests that conservatism of a trait does not mean that a plant’s response to one fact ...
... and water uptake (Craine et al., 2003), but periodic drought tolerance also requires that the plant be able to store water for later use, which is not an adaptation related to nitrogen uptake (Craine, 2009). This suggests that conservatism of a trait does not mean that a plant’s response to one fact ...
BIOLOGY 2014 Year 11 TE Unit 2
... examples of current technological monitoring techniques which can be used to A. identify the positions of animals as they move within their habitats in search of food or a mate. B. determine the distribution of certain plant and animal species over a large scale area. C. measure plant growth and cha ...
... examples of current technological monitoring techniques which can be used to A. identify the positions of animals as they move within their habitats in search of food or a mate. B. determine the distribution of certain plant and animal species over a large scale area. C. measure plant growth and cha ...
4 Natural Selection and Variation
... higher fitness will leave more offspring, and the frequency of that type of entity will increase in the population. The evolution of drug resistance in HIV illustrates the process (we looked at this example in Section 3.2, p. 45). The usual form of HIV has a reverse transcriptase that binds to drugs ...
... higher fitness will leave more offspring, and the frequency of that type of entity will increase in the population. The evolution of drug resistance in HIV illustrates the process (we looked at this example in Section 3.2, p. 45). The usual form of HIV has a reverse transcriptase that binds to drugs ...
Ecosystem services and conservation strategy: beware the silver bullet
... The relationships between most ecosystem services and particular stocks of biodiversity are complex. Biological and nonbiological attributes of ecosystems affect flows of services, and the value of these flows will vary under different conditions. While, as a crude generalization, it is clearly true ...
... The relationships between most ecosystem services and particular stocks of biodiversity are complex. Biological and nonbiological attributes of ecosystems affect flows of services, and the value of these flows will vary under different conditions. While, as a crude generalization, it is clearly true ...
Organism Size, Life History, and N:P Stoichiometry
... organisms in analyzing how characteristics and activities of organisms influence, and are in turn influenced by, the ecosystem in which they are found. In this article we introduce the main concepts and patterns of ecological stoichiometry and synthesize literature from a variety of fields to forge ...
... organisms in analyzing how characteristics and activities of organisms influence, and are in turn influenced by, the ecosystem in which they are found. In this article we introduce the main concepts and patterns of ecological stoichiometry and synthesize literature from a variety of fields to forge ...
Experiments with the wild at the Oostvaardersplassen
... for identifying, monitoring, researching and nurturing various species and habitats. Here ecologies are linear and can be known and predicted. Hypotheses can be deduced and tested. Surprises are anomalous. Vera is one of a number of ecologists and conservationists who contest this paradigm. Vera pro ...
... for identifying, monitoring, researching and nurturing various species and habitats. Here ecologies are linear and can be known and predicted. Hypotheses can be deduced and tested. Surprises are anomalous. Vera is one of a number of ecologists and conservationists who contest this paradigm. Vera pro ...
Interphyletic Competition Among Marine Benthos
... Dense assemblages of two functional groups may occur when their effects on the sediment are similar and their mobilities comparable. Tube builders and seagrasses, for example, often co-occur and their effects on the sediment appear to be additive (Brenchley, 1978). In contrast, burrowing and sedenta ...
... Dense assemblages of two functional groups may occur when their effects on the sediment are similar and their mobilities comparable. Tube builders and seagrasses, for example, often co-occur and their effects on the sediment appear to be additive (Brenchley, 1978). In contrast, burrowing and sedenta ...
Species loss and the structure and functioning of multitrophic
... and especially species composition can have large impacts on ecosystem functioning via direct and indirect pathways (Downing and Leibold 2002). In situations where species diversity changes across more than one trophic level, diversity at adjacent trophic levels can act synergistically to affect eco ...
... and especially species composition can have large impacts on ecosystem functioning via direct and indirect pathways (Downing and Leibold 2002). In situations where species diversity changes across more than one trophic level, diversity at adjacent trophic levels can act synergistically to affect eco ...
IMPLICATIONS OF PLANT DIVERSITY AND SOIL CHEMICAL
... The globalization of earth’s biota is transforming local and regional floras and faunas. Both intentional and accidental introductions of many species are altering community composition and ecology of long-established biological communities (Davis 2003). Although not all introduced plants become inv ...
... The globalization of earth’s biota is transforming local and regional floras and faunas. Both intentional and accidental introductions of many species are altering community composition and ecology of long-established biological communities (Davis 2003). Although not all introduced plants become inv ...
Drift, not selection, shapes toll-like receptor variation among oceanic
... Building, 5th Floor. C/Gonzalo Gutierrez Quiros, s/n, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain ...
... Building, 5th Floor. C/Gonzalo Gutierrez Quiros, s/n, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain ...
Introduction - Beck-Shop
... Herbivores on Biodiversity, Ecosystem Structure and Function’ and this book is the result of the work that started there. It focuses on wild large herbivores since information on domestic animals is voluminous and easier to access (though it could also benefit from being analysed to answer ecological ...
... Herbivores on Biodiversity, Ecosystem Structure and Function’ and this book is the result of the work that started there. It focuses on wild large herbivores since information on domestic animals is voluminous and easier to access (though it could also benefit from being analysed to answer ecological ...
- Wiley Online Library
... to face great difficulty in developing predictive models if all potential modifier effects have to be quantified. Nevertheless, both theory and experiments on small communities suggest that modifications cannot be ignored in predicting community responses to perturbations. Our current understanding of t ...
... to face great difficulty in developing predictive models if all potential modifier effects have to be quantified. Nevertheless, both theory and experiments on small communities suggest that modifications cannot be ignored in predicting community responses to perturbations. Our current understanding of t ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.