- Wiley Online Library
... to face great difficulty in developing predictive models if all potential modifier effects have to be quantified. Nevertheless, both theory and experiments on small communities suggest that modifications cannot be ignored in predicting community responses to perturbations. Our current understanding of t ...
... to face great difficulty in developing predictive models if all potential modifier effects have to be quantified. Nevertheless, both theory and experiments on small communities suggest that modifications cannot be ignored in predicting community responses to perturbations. Our current understanding of t ...
Ecosystem consequences of diversity depend on food chain length
... predator impacts on grazer and seagrass biomass were weaker in mixed-grazer assemblages. These interactions resulted in part from among-species trade-offs between predation resistance and competitive ability. Despite weak impact on grazer abundance at high diversity, predators nevertheless enhanced ...
... predator impacts on grazer and seagrass biomass were weaker in mixed-grazer assemblages. These interactions resulted in part from among-species trade-offs between predation resistance and competitive ability. Despite weak impact on grazer abundance at high diversity, predators nevertheless enhanced ...
terrestrial food webs All wet or dried up? Real differences between
... between phytoplankton and plants has major implications for life history parameters, rates of biomass turnover and allocation to tissues with different chemical compositions and nutritional qualities (Peters 1983; Brown & West 2000). The second difference Lindeman proposes is that aquatic systems li ...
... between phytoplankton and plants has major implications for life history parameters, rates of biomass turnover and allocation to tissues with different chemical compositions and nutritional qualities (Peters 1983; Brown & West 2000). The second difference Lindeman proposes is that aquatic systems li ...
Balanced harvesting in fisheries: a preliminary analysis of
... The management implications of BH are still more diffuse than the questions about ecological and economic aspects, and depend to some extent on the outcomes of those studies. This paper explores the management implications of BH even as their understanding evolves, to inform the ongoing “policy dial ...
... The management implications of BH are still more diffuse than the questions about ecological and economic aspects, and depend to some extent on the outcomes of those studies. This paper explores the management implications of BH even as their understanding evolves, to inform the ongoing “policy dial ...
Tidal power and the aquatic environment of La Rance
... lifespan of the species or the length of the pelagic phase within their life-cycle. Passive transport of adults also made a significant contribution to their establishment in the Rance Basin. Despite rapid stabilization of environmental conditions once the installation was commissioned, it took 10 y ...
... lifespan of the species or the length of the pelagic phase within their life-cycle. Passive transport of adults also made a significant contribution to their establishment in the Rance Basin. Despite rapid stabilization of environmental conditions once the installation was commissioned, it took 10 y ...
habitat in agricultural landscapes: how much is enough?
... many regions, native people intentionally managed the prairie and other natural ecosystems by mimicking natural disturbance patterns on the landscape, such as setting fires to maintain prairie, manage berry crops, and modify wildlife habitat. In North America, the modern era of biodiversity loss — i ...
... many regions, native people intentionally managed the prairie and other natural ecosystems by mimicking natural disturbance patterns on the landscape, such as setting fires to maintain prairie, manage berry crops, and modify wildlife habitat. In North America, the modern era of biodiversity loss — i ...
paper on modeling food webs
... grass, herb, and woody plant communities on different soils and across a rainfall gradient [34]. This well-documented structure allows us to examine the extent to which habitat structure defines network topology at multiple trophic levels. Although not yet a comprehensive community web, with the add ...
... grass, herb, and woody plant communities on different soils and across a rainfall gradient [34]. This well-documented structure allows us to examine the extent to which habitat structure defines network topology at multiple trophic levels. Although not yet a comprehensive community web, with the add ...
CENTRAL TEXAS COLLEGE SYLLABUS FOR ENVR 1401
... student may not withdraw from a class for which the instructor has previously issued the student a grade of “F” or “FN” for nonattendance. B. Administrative Withdrawal: An administrative withdrawal may be initiated when the student fails to meet College attendance requirements. An instructor may wit ...
... student may not withdraw from a class for which the instructor has previously issued the student a grade of “F” or “FN” for nonattendance. B. Administrative Withdrawal: An administrative withdrawal may be initiated when the student fails to meet College attendance requirements. An instructor may wit ...
Exploring Evolutionary Constraints Is a Task for an Integrative
... change in different directions within trait space for patterns or modules made up of serial repeats of the same basic element (Brakefield 2003). The evolution of mammalian dentition and of the subsets of teeth with divergent morphologies provide further examples of this type of modular pattern for w ...
... change in different directions within trait space for patterns or modules made up of serial repeats of the same basic element (Brakefield 2003). The evolution of mammalian dentition and of the subsets of teeth with divergent morphologies provide further examples of this type of modular pattern for w ...
Beyond arctic and alpine: the influence of winter climate on L
... (Campbell et al. 2005, Kreyling 2010, Groffman et al. 2012). In arctic and boreal regions, winter climate plays a substantial role in nutrient (Wipf and Rixen 2010), carbon (Haei et al. 2013), and water cycling (Lapp et al. 2005), plant community composition (Walker et al. 1993, Inouye 2008, Wipf et ...
... (Campbell et al. 2005, Kreyling 2010, Groffman et al. 2012). In arctic and boreal regions, winter climate plays a substantial role in nutrient (Wipf and Rixen 2010), carbon (Haei et al. 2013), and water cycling (Lapp et al. 2005), plant community composition (Walker et al. 1993, Inouye 2008, Wipf et ...
Interacting environmental mosaics drive geographic variation in
... the effects of low pH seawater associated with upwelling, food availability and body temperatures on the growth and morphology of juvenile California mussels in dynamic environments and determine how these environmentally mediated differences affect rates of predation by the dogwhelk N. canaliculata ...
... the effects of low pH seawater associated with upwelling, food availability and body temperatures on the growth and morphology of juvenile California mussels in dynamic environments and determine how these environmentally mediated differences affect rates of predation by the dogwhelk N. canaliculata ...
Dissecting the evolutionary impacts of plant invasions: bugs and
... Soapberry bugs (Jadera, Leptocoris) have colonized several species of weedy invasive plants (sapindaceous trees and vines) in the United States and Australia. After initial reduction in physiological performance, they evolved behavioral, morphological, physiological and life history adaptations perm ...
... Soapberry bugs (Jadera, Leptocoris) have colonized several species of weedy invasive plants (sapindaceous trees and vines) in the United States and Australia. After initial reduction in physiological performance, they evolved behavioral, morphological, physiological and life history adaptations perm ...
What is Biodiversity
... not reproduced for 300 years. The seeds of the tree have a very hard coat, as an experiment they were fed to a turkey; after passing through its gizzard the seeds were viable and germinated. This experiment led scientists to believe that the extinction of the dodo was coupled to the tambalacoque's i ...
... not reproduced for 300 years. The seeds of the tree have a very hard coat, as an experiment they were fed to a turkey; after passing through its gizzard the seeds were viable and germinated. This experiment led scientists to believe that the extinction of the dodo was coupled to the tambalacoque's i ...
PDF 428KB - University of Hawaii
... relative mass of pubescence within leaf morphological classes. 3. Fertilisation increased densities of individuals in four taxonomic orders, densities of individuals and species of all trophic levels, and the biomass of Collembola and Homoptera. Herbivore relative diversity (Shannon H0 ) also increa ...
... relative mass of pubescence within leaf morphological classes. 3. Fertilisation increased densities of individuals in four taxonomic orders, densities of individuals and species of all trophic levels, and the biomass of Collembola and Homoptera. Herbivore relative diversity (Shannon H0 ) also increa ...
predators, parasitoids, and pathogens as mortality agents in
... is that mortality rates among the enemy types both within and between life stages may not be independent. Life tables measure only the factor that is thought to have actually killed the herbivore, but individual insects might have been attacked by more than one enemy type. For example, a sick or par ...
... is that mortality rates among the enemy types both within and between life stages may not be independent. Life tables measure only the factor that is thought to have actually killed the herbivore, but individual insects might have been attacked by more than one enemy type. For example, a sick or par ...
The effects of foliar pubescence and nutrient polymorpha (Myrtaceae)
... relative mass of pubescence within leaf morphological classes. 3. Fertilisation increased densities of individuals in four taxonomic orders, densities of individuals and species of all trophic levels, and the biomass of Collembola and Homoptera. Herbivore relative diversity (Shannon H0 ) also increa ...
... relative mass of pubescence within leaf morphological classes. 3. Fertilisation increased densities of individuals in four taxonomic orders, densities of individuals and species of all trophic levels, and the biomass of Collembola and Homoptera. Herbivore relative diversity (Shannon H0 ) also increa ...
Disturbance, Scale, and Boundary in Wilderness
... First, the absolute rates of ecosystem processes like growth, establishment, mortality, productivity and succession vary among ecosystems because of differences in the physical environment. Some ecosystems change quickly, others ...
... First, the absolute rates of ecosystem processes like growth, establishment, mortality, productivity and succession vary among ecosystems because of differences in the physical environment. Some ecosystems change quickly, others ...
A review of the indicators for ecosystem structure and functioning
... each of these deliverables was to provide a review of the available indicators at the levels of respectively, the population, the community, and the ecosystem. As there is a lot of overlap between these levels, both in terms of the available indicators as well as the data on which these indicators c ...
... each of these deliverables was to provide a review of the available indicators at the levels of respectively, the population, the community, and the ecosystem. As there is a lot of overlap between these levels, both in terms of the available indicators as well as the data on which these indicators c ...
Ostoja, SM, EW Schupp, S. Durham, and R. Klinger. 2013. Seed
... Curriculum Vitae, Eugene W. Schupp Humphrey, L.D.‡ and E.W. Schupp. 1999. Temporal patterns of seedling emergence and early survival of Great Basin perennial plant species. Great Basin Naturalist 59: 35–49. Fuentes, M.‡ and E.W. Schupp. 1998. Empty seeds reduce seed predation by birds in Juniperus o ...
... Curriculum Vitae, Eugene W. Schupp Humphrey, L.D.‡ and E.W. Schupp. 1999. Temporal patterns of seedling emergence and early survival of Great Basin perennial plant species. Great Basin Naturalist 59: 35–49. Fuentes, M.‡ and E.W. Schupp. 1998. Empty seeds reduce seed predation by birds in Juniperus o ...
New Zealand as ecosystems - Department of Conservation
... practical outcome, New Zealand’s Protected Natural Area Programme (PNAP), would appear, ostensibly, to use the term ecosystem to encompass and link many different communities. In practice, however, the programme’s primary survey element, the ecological unit—a tandem of vegetation type and landform t ...
... practical outcome, New Zealand’s Protected Natural Area Programme (PNAP), would appear, ostensibly, to use the term ecosystem to encompass and link many different communities. In practice, however, the programme’s primary survey element, the ecological unit—a tandem of vegetation type and landform t ...
Evolutionary distributions and competition by way of reaction
... emerge as intrinsic properties of such models. Because of their similarity to patterns that are observed in nature, links are made between patterns from models and in nature. All such models do not answer the quintessential question: Why do we observe such patterns in the first place? Answers to suc ...
... emerge as intrinsic properties of such models. Because of their similarity to patterns that are observed in nature, links are made between patterns from models and in nature. All such models do not answer the quintessential question: Why do we observe such patterns in the first place? Answers to suc ...
On the evolutionary ecology of species` ranges - People
... a species’ range. As an introduced species invades into favourable terrain, it is likely to experience selection favouring dispersal, thus accelerating the rate of invasion. Given genetic variation in dispersal rates, individuals with higher dispersal rates will tend to be found in increasing freque ...
... a species’ range. As an introduced species invades into favourable terrain, it is likely to experience selection favouring dispersal, thus accelerating the rate of invasion. Given genetic variation in dispersal rates, individuals with higher dispersal rates will tend to be found in increasing freque ...
How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and
... references provided within the literature found through these search results were also surveyed. Criteria for studies included in our database were as follows: (1) only nondomesticated populations were included; (2) phenotypic variation in traits must be experimentally varied, either through direct ...
... references provided within the literature found through these search results were also surveyed. Criteria for studies included in our database were as follows: (1) only nondomesticated populations were included; (2) phenotypic variation in traits must be experimentally varied, either through direct ...
Ontogenetic trait variation influences tree community assembly
... relative importance of abiotic and biotic assembly mechanisms can differ among ontogenetic stages within and across environments, ontogenetic trait variation may have an important influence on patterns of functional diversity and inferred assembly mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that variation ...
... relative importance of abiotic and biotic assembly mechanisms can differ among ontogenetic stages within and across environments, ontogenetic trait variation may have an important influence on patterns of functional diversity and inferred assembly mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that variation ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.