Du Toit Johan Truter 1988-002
... waterhole were significantly lower in condensed tannin, and higher in total nitrogen and total phosphorus, than leaves on any of the other tree samples. Iv, Soil chemistry (Table 5.3) a). Soil ...
... waterhole were significantly lower in condensed tannin, and higher in total nitrogen and total phosphorus, than leaves on any of the other tree samples. Iv, Soil chemistry (Table 5.3) a). Soil ...
Chapter 16(18)-FA.indd
... behavior and diet composition, although they are usually all assigned to the ISSCAAP (Group 39). Difficulties arise during the trophic grouping of species, but especially so for this group. Here the task was to reclassify this group properly. For the trawl survey data, the “miscellaneous fishes” wer ...
... behavior and diet composition, although they are usually all assigned to the ISSCAAP (Group 39). Difficulties arise during the trophic grouping of species, but especially so for this group. Here the task was to reclassify this group properly. For the trawl survey data, the “miscellaneous fishes” wer ...
Biotic and abiotic interactions controlling starfish
... may have occurred because of poor recruitment related to the cold winter of 1984-1985 and even colder winter of 1985-1986. In these years, an absence of recruitment of the burrowing ophiuroid Acrocnida brachiata was also recorded in the Bay (Bourgoin et al., 1991). Although we did not examine the ef ...
... may have occurred because of poor recruitment related to the cold winter of 1984-1985 and even colder winter of 1985-1986. In these years, an absence of recruitment of the burrowing ophiuroid Acrocnida brachiata was also recorded in the Bay (Bourgoin et al., 1991). Although we did not examine the ef ...
The impact of translocations on neutral and functional genetic
... 1998; Willi et al. 2006). However, translocations often use <50 founders owing to ecological, logistic and economic constraints (Komdeur 1994; Cardoso et al. 2009; Jamieson 2011; Tracy et al. 2011). Genetic data have only recently been incorporated into estimates of what constitutes ‘adequate’ found ...
... 1998; Willi et al. 2006). However, translocations often use <50 founders owing to ecological, logistic and economic constraints (Komdeur 1994; Cardoso et al. 2009; Jamieson 2011; Tracy et al. 2011). Genetic data have only recently been incorporated into estimates of what constitutes ‘adequate’ found ...
Speciesspecific responses of foliar nutrients to longterm nitrogen
... 2012), the uncertainty regarding their capacity to adjust to future environmental perturbation (Reed et al. 2012; Sistla & Schimel 2012; Wright 2012), and the variable relationships between resorption dynamics and fertilization (Aerts 1996; Vitousek 1998). Further, relatively few studies have examin ...
... 2012), the uncertainty regarding their capacity to adjust to future environmental perturbation (Reed et al. 2012; Sistla & Schimel 2012; Wright 2012), and the variable relationships between resorption dynamics and fertilization (Aerts 1996; Vitousek 1998). Further, relatively few studies have examin ...
04 August Article Ripple
... can be many and complex (Estes 1996, Pace et al. 1999), but for simplicity we focus on riparian functions and on beaver (Castor canadensis) and bird populations. We acknowledge that trophic cascades can affect many other aspects of ecosystem structure and function, both abiotic and biotic, including ...
... can be many and complex (Estes 1996, Pace et al. 1999), but for simplicity we focus on riparian functions and on beaver (Castor canadensis) and bird populations. We acknowledge that trophic cascades can affect many other aspects of ecosystem structure and function, both abiotic and biotic, including ...
Plants & Ecology Range margins and refugia Johan Dahlberg
... cycle. Range limiting by climate unsuitable for reproduction or stages in the life cycle are more common than limiting by mortality of adults due to climate (Gaston 2003). For example, minimum temperature during the growing season is an important determinant of seed mortality of forest trees in Swe ...
... cycle. Range limiting by climate unsuitable for reproduction or stages in the life cycle are more common than limiting by mortality of adults due to climate (Gaston 2003). For example, minimum temperature during the growing season is an important determinant of seed mortality of forest trees in Swe ...
Conservation or Co-evolution? Intermediate Levels of Aboriginal
... These outcomes are neither intentional conservation, which requires short-term loss for longterm gain, nor are they sustainable management, which requires planned intent. Rather, they are an emergent outcome resulting from co-evolved interactions between humans and other organisms in a biotic commun ...
... These outcomes are neither intentional conservation, which requires short-term loss for longterm gain, nor are they sustainable management, which requires planned intent. Rather, they are an emergent outcome resulting from co-evolved interactions between humans and other organisms in a biotic commun ...
High intraspecific variability in the functional niche of a predator is
... et al. 2012). This stands on the assumption that intraspecific variation was negligible compared to interspecific variation when studying functional ecology at the community level (McGill et al. 2006; Jung et al. 2010; Albert et al. 2011). Accordingly, low levels of intraspecific variation have been ...
... et al. 2012). This stands on the assumption that intraspecific variation was negligible compared to interspecific variation when studying functional ecology at the community level (McGill et al. 2006; Jung et al. 2010; Albert et al. 2011). Accordingly, low levels of intraspecific variation have been ...
Fractal Hypothesis of the Pelagic Microbial Ecosystem—Can Simple
... for an explanation beyond spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Based on observations of simple parasite-host and predator-prey interactions occurring at different trophic levels and levels of phylogenetic resolution, we present a theoretical perspective on this enormous biodiversity, discussing in pa ...
... for an explanation beyond spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Based on observations of simple parasite-host and predator-prey interactions occurring at different trophic levels and levels of phylogenetic resolution, we present a theoretical perspective on this enormous biodiversity, discussing in pa ...
Philosophy of Ecology - sikkim university library
... not all papers in the present volume are directly concerned with the enormous and urgent challenge of environmental remediation, all seek philosophical perspectives on the scientific study of “organisms at home (oikos)” in the biophysical world they have built. The science of ecology directly confro ...
... not all papers in the present volume are directly concerned with the enormous and urgent challenge of environmental remediation, all seek philosophical perspectives on the scientific study of “organisms at home (oikos)” in the biophysical world they have built. The science of ecology directly confro ...
Evolutionary responses to conditionality in species
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Nov. 11, 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/031195. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Nov. 11, 2015; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/031195. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
2006_1_ivaskik207KBJun 26 2006 10:25:31 AM
... particular as bioindicators relies on their prominent place in the community of soil organisms and their function in promoting processes that are considered to be linked to soil health (Doube, Schmidt, 1997). Lavelle and Spain (2001) admit that the regional abundance of earthworms and the relative i ...
... particular as bioindicators relies on their prominent place in the community of soil organisms and their function in promoting processes that are considered to be linked to soil health (Doube, Schmidt, 1997). Lavelle and Spain (2001) admit that the regional abundance of earthworms and the relative i ...
Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents: Canada`s First Marine Protected Area.
... Activity I– Becoming a Researcher introduces students to features of hydrothermal vents, terms and names, and the vent ecosystem. Students research and present within groups and then to whole class so that all the class is introduced to terminology and gains an understanding of Hydrothermal Vents an ...
... Activity I– Becoming a Researcher introduces students to features of hydrothermal vents, terms and names, and the vent ecosystem. Students research and present within groups and then to whole class so that all the class is introduced to terminology and gains an understanding of Hydrothermal Vents an ...
Frontiers in Polar Biology - Division on Earth and Life Studies
... The exotic nature of many polar species cannot fail to spark our curiosity: How can a hibernating mammal survive when its body temperature plunges below freezing during a long polar winter? Why does the blood of polar fish remain in the liquid state at sub-zero temperatures? Although these species h ...
... The exotic nature of many polar species cannot fail to spark our curiosity: How can a hibernating mammal survive when its body temperature plunges below freezing during a long polar winter? Why does the blood of polar fish remain in the liquid state at sub-zero temperatures? Although these species h ...
Coral reefs in crisis: The reliability of deep-time food web
... regimes and dynamic equilibria encompassing a range of community parameters [9, 10, 11]. Most recently, it has been suggested that community persistence itself might act as an agent of long-term selection, with functional structures and interactions appearing repeatedly within ecosystems over geolog ...
... regimes and dynamic equilibria encompassing a range of community parameters [9, 10, 11]. Most recently, it has been suggested that community persistence itself might act as an agent of long-term selection, with functional structures and interactions appearing repeatedly within ecosystems over geolog ...
as a PDF
... “phenotype-specific habitat selection” (Holt and Barfield, in press), “genotype-specific microhabitat partitioning” (Harris and Jones 1995), “genotype-specific habitat selection” (Shine et al. 1998), “adaptive or refined habitat selection” (Fretwell 1969), “matching habitat choice” (Ravigné et al. ...
... “phenotype-specific habitat selection” (Holt and Barfield, in press), “genotype-specific microhabitat partitioning” (Harris and Jones 1995), “genotype-specific habitat selection” (Shine et al. 1998), “adaptive or refined habitat selection” (Fretwell 1969), “matching habitat choice” (Ravigné et al. ...
Molecular Ecology, 10, 2569–2576
... and the rate of population growth (Kuhner et al. 1998). Another important development is the extension of coalescent theory to different types of data, such as microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation. This may seem counterintuitive, as gene genealogies cannot be inferred fo ...
... and the rate of population growth (Kuhner et al. 1998). Another important development is the extension of coalescent theory to different types of data, such as microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation. This may seem counterintuitive, as gene genealogies cannot be inferred fo ...
Predator control of ecosystem nutrient dynamics
... (Schlesinger 1991). However, animals can directly and indirectly control the fate of nutrients in ecosystems, and may sometimes circumvent the need for microbial mineralization altogether, depending on how and where nutrients are consumed, translocated and eliminated (Vanni 2002; Wardle & Bardgett 2 ...
... (Schlesinger 1991). However, animals can directly and indirectly control the fate of nutrients in ecosystems, and may sometimes circumvent the need for microbial mineralization altogether, depending on how and where nutrients are consumed, translocated and eliminated (Vanni 2002; Wardle & Bardgett 2 ...
Stoichiometry of nutrient recycling by vertebrates in a tropical stream
... 1999; Chapin et al. 2000). Controversy exists over whether ecosystem processes are affected by the number of species (or functional groups of species) present, leading to a variety of hypotheses linking biodiversity and ecosystem function (Naeem et al. 1995; Chapin et al. 2000). Central to evaluatin ...
... 1999; Chapin et al. 2000). Controversy exists over whether ecosystem processes are affected by the number of species (or functional groups of species) present, leading to a variety of hypotheses linking biodiversity and ecosystem function (Naeem et al. 1995; Chapin et al. 2000). Central to evaluatin ...
EOG Review Booklet
... When a physical change occurs, a substance changes its appearance but not its identity or chemical composition. For example, paper appears different after it has been shredded. However, the substance is still paper. Some examples of physical changes include: liquid freezing into solid shredding ...
... When a physical change occurs, a substance changes its appearance but not its identity or chemical composition. For example, paper appears different after it has been shredded. However, the substance is still paper. Some examples of physical changes include: liquid freezing into solid shredding ...
matching habitat choice causes directed gene flow
... “phenotype-specific habitat selection” (Holt and Barfield, in press), “genotype-specific microhabitat partitioning” (Harris and Jones 1995), “genotype-specific habitat selection” (Shine et al. 1998), “adaptive or refined habitat selection” (Fretwell 1969), “matching habitat choice” (Ravigné et al. ...
... “phenotype-specific habitat selection” (Holt and Barfield, in press), “genotype-specific microhabitat partitioning” (Harris and Jones 1995), “genotype-specific habitat selection” (Shine et al. 1998), “adaptive or refined habitat selection” (Fretwell 1969), “matching habitat choice” (Ravigné et al. ...
Consequences of low mobility in spatially and temporally
... 3 In static landscapes, the fraction of the landscape occupied by the species is limited by connectivity among habitat patches and rate of population migration. Slow species often cannot reach all available habitat despite the presence of continuous paths to it. 4 In dynamic landscapes, slow-moving ...
... 3 In static landscapes, the fraction of the landscape occupied by the species is limited by connectivity among habitat patches and rate of population migration. Slow species often cannot reach all available habitat despite the presence of continuous paths to it. 4 In dynamic landscapes, slow-moving ...
Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology
... In general, less is known about the ISD in terrestrial systems [3]. The one exception is size distributions in tree communities, which are often studied using demographic models [46]. Originally, tree ISDs were characterized as either negative exponentials or power laws [47,48]. However, recent work ...
... In general, less is known about the ISD in terrestrial systems [3]. The one exception is size distributions in tree communities, which are often studied using demographic models [46]. Originally, tree ISDs were characterized as either negative exponentials or power laws [47,48]. However, recent work ...
Seasonal Variation in Food Web Composition and Structure in a
... ecological communities occur within fluctuating environments where primary production sources and the abundance, size structure, and trophic interactions of populations vary accordingly (Winemiller 1990; Polis et al. 1996). Aquatic animals change their diets in association with ontogeny and seasonal ...
... ecological communities occur within fluctuating environments where primary production sources and the abundance, size structure, and trophic interactions of populations vary accordingly (Winemiller 1990; Polis et al. 1996). Aquatic animals change their diets in association with ontogeny and seasonal ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.