Placing biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in context
... interference competition. These interactions were apparently alleviated in both enriched and limed enclosures, as trait-independent complementarity became less negative. LPE increased with detritivore density in the monocultures, indicating benefits of intra-specific aggregation that outweighed the ...
... interference competition. These interactions were apparently alleviated in both enriched and limed enclosures, as trait-independent complementarity became less negative. LPE increased with detritivore density in the monocultures, indicating benefits of intra-specific aggregation that outweighed the ...
Academic Biology - Pompton Lakes School District
... DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells. (HS-LS1-1) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by HS-LS3-1.) Multicellular organisms have a hierarchical structural organization, in which any one system is made u ...
... DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells. (HS-LS1-1) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by HS-LS3-1.) Multicellular organisms have a hierarchical structural organization, in which any one system is made u ...
Discoveries of new mammal species and their
... investigations of the impacts of large herbivores (32). Such results underscore the often-neglected point that conserving biodiversity over broad areas is essential to maintaining ecological function and critical ecosystem services (7, 9, 10). However, no one is in a position to decide the full cons ...
... investigations of the impacts of large herbivores (32). Such results underscore the often-neglected point that conserving biodiversity over broad areas is essential to maintaining ecological function and critical ecosystem services (7, 9, 10). However, no one is in a position to decide the full cons ...
14.1 Habitat And Niche
... • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. – biotic factors – abiotic factors • An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. – food – abiotic conditions – behavior ...
... • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. – biotic factors – abiotic factors • An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. – food – abiotic conditions – behavior ...
Heathlands confronting global change: drivers of biodiversity loss
... shrubs that develop over nutrient-poor soils. Interest in the preservation of these habitats in Europe has increased over the last decades, but over this time there has been a general decline in habitat quality, affecting community structure, ecosystem functions and biodiversity. Negative drivers th ...
... shrubs that develop over nutrient-poor soils. Interest in the preservation of these habitats in Europe has increased over the last decades, but over this time there has been a general decline in habitat quality, affecting community structure, ecosystem functions and biodiversity. Negative drivers th ...
Pelagic Biogeography - Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
... to sediment transported to be deposited within the system of reference. allometry alometría Differential rate of growth such that size of one part (or more) of the body changes in proportion to another part of the body or the whole, but at a constant exponential rate. allopatric speciation especiaci ...
... to sediment transported to be deposited within the system of reference. allometry alometría Differential rate of growth such that size of one part (or more) of the body changes in proportion to another part of the body or the whole, but at a constant exponential rate. allopatric speciation especiaci ...
Environmental and spatial drivers of taxonomic, functional
... mean location (hereafter composition) and dispersion. Composition characterizes the central position of a community within functional or phylogenetic space based on the averages of species characteristics (Fig. 2A), and is conceptually similar to community-weighted means (Peres-Neto, Leibold & Dray, ...
... mean location (hereafter composition) and dispersion. Composition characterizes the central position of a community within functional or phylogenetic space based on the averages of species characteristics (Fig. 2A), and is conceptually similar to community-weighted means (Peres-Neto, Leibold & Dray, ...
Habitat selection as a major resource partitioning mechanism
... dley 0882^ Kalko 0884^ Arita 0886#\ but they both represent indirect approaches since they consider the attributes through which organisms acquire resources rather than resource acquisition per se "i[e[ they use mere characters\ and infer mechanisms from patterns^ Wiens 0878#[ For instance\ a spacin ...
... dley 0882^ Kalko 0884^ Arita 0886#\ but they both represent indirect approaches since they consider the attributes through which organisms acquire resources rather than resource acquisition per se "i[e[ they use mere characters\ and infer mechanisms from patterns^ Wiens 0878#[ For instance\ a spacin ...
Descent with Modification: A
... 8. Explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification.” 9. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time. 10. Explain how Linnaeus’ classification scheme fit Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 11. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observat ...
... 8. Explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification.” 9. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time. 10. Explain how Linnaeus’ classification scheme fit Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 11. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observat ...
mutualisms and facilitation
... 1. While the relationship between facilitation and competition has been explored extensively in recent years, there is also a natural link between facilitation and mutualism, as both are interspecific interactions that confer benefits. Yet, the relationship between these two interactions has been mini ...
... 1. While the relationship between facilitation and competition has been explored extensively in recent years, there is also a natural link between facilitation and mutualism, as both are interspecific interactions that confer benefits. Yet, the relationship between these two interactions has been mini ...
Descent with Modification
... Explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification.” Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time. Explain how Linnaeus’ classification scheme fit Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observations that led ...
... Explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification.” Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time. Explain how Linnaeus’ classification scheme fit Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observations that led ...
- Wiley Online Library
... 1. While the relationship between facilitation and competition has been explored extensively in recent years, there is also a natural link between facilitation and mutualism, as both are interspecific interactions that confer benefits. Yet, the relationship between these two interactions has been mini ...
... 1. While the relationship between facilitation and competition has been explored extensively in recent years, there is also a natural link between facilitation and mutualism, as both are interspecific interactions that confer benefits. Yet, the relationship between these two interactions has been mini ...
Symbiotic fungal endophytes control insect host±parasite interaction
... endophytes can mediate competitive interactions between plant species affecting vegetation diversity and succession27. We have shown that fungal endophytes control food-web structure by disrupting the transfer of energy from plants to upper trophic levels. As endophytes live concealed within the hos ...
... endophytes can mediate competitive interactions between plant species affecting vegetation diversity and succession27. We have shown that fungal endophytes control food-web structure by disrupting the transfer of energy from plants to upper trophic levels. As endophytes live concealed within the hos ...
Patterns of trophic niche divergence between invasive
... in negative consequences for the competing species, or trophic niche divergence, which would facilitate the invader’s integration into the community and their coexistence with native species. 2. Here, the feeding interactions of a highly invasive fish, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, with thre ...
... in negative consequences for the competing species, or trophic niche divergence, which would facilitate the invader’s integration into the community and their coexistence with native species. 2. Here, the feeding interactions of a highly invasive fish, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, with thre ...
Reliable flows and preferred patterns in food webs
... We examined the reliability of matter and energy flows in ecosystems. We analysed sink web graphs and determined the probability that, in the sink web graph, the sink (the point representing the sink species) and one or more sources (points representing source species or producers) are connected to ...
... We examined the reliability of matter and energy flows in ecosystems. We analysed sink web graphs and determined the probability that, in the sink web graph, the sink (the point representing the sink species) and one or more sources (points representing source species or producers) are connected to ...
Untitled - Vermont Fish and Wildlife
... Landscape position is the setting at a particular location relative to other topographic features. Examples of landscape positions include summit, ridge, plateau, high slope, toe slope, valley bottom, and basin floor. Landscape position affects microclimate, nutrient availability, and the abundance ...
... Landscape position is the setting at a particular location relative to other topographic features. Examples of landscape positions include summit, ridge, plateau, high slope, toe slope, valley bottom, and basin floor. Landscape position affects microclimate, nutrient availability, and the abundance ...
Trophic interactions and population structure of the large blue
... 1992). Most habitats exhibit a varying degree of heterogeneity so that the habitat is divided into distinct habitat patches (Hanski and Gilpin 1997; Hanski 1999). Many species are thus believed to live in metapopulations, with populations being connected by limited migration. The local extinction of ...
... 1992). Most habitats exhibit a varying degree of heterogeneity so that the habitat is divided into distinct habitat patches (Hanski and Gilpin 1997; Hanski 1999). Many species are thus believed to live in metapopulations, with populations being connected by limited migration. The local extinction of ...
Potential value of indicator species for conservation
... guide appropriate land management requires the integrated study of communities and systems in order to derive the basic principles operating. Standardisation would enable efficient use of resources through an increased ability to collate and compare different studies. Information gathered needs to b ...
... guide appropriate land management requires the integrated study of communities and systems in order to derive the basic principles operating. Standardisation would enable efficient use of resources through an increased ability to collate and compare different studies. Information gathered needs to b ...
Alternative Dynamic Regimes and Trophic Control of Plant Succession
... 1991; Bazzaz 1996; Uriarte and Schmitz 1998; Schmitz 2003) and altering soil N availability and cycling (Uriarte 2000). Old field successional dynamics are ideally studied by following the chronological progression of species change at a specific location (Smith 1996). But, this requires long-term s ...
... 1991; Bazzaz 1996; Uriarte and Schmitz 1998; Schmitz 2003) and altering soil N availability and cycling (Uriarte 2000). Old field successional dynamics are ideally studied by following the chronological progression of species change at a specific location (Smith 1996). But, this requires long-term s ...
University of Groningen Herbivores, resources and risks
... expressed at alternate trophic levels [10]. In the classic example, predators limit the abundance of herbivores, which releases grazing pressure on plants (the ‘green world’ hypothesis) [11]. Here, the abundance of vegetation is determined largely by the availability of abiotic resources as herbivor ...
... expressed at alternate trophic levels [10]. In the classic example, predators limit the abundance of herbivores, which releases grazing pressure on plants (the ‘green world’ hypothesis) [11]. Here, the abundance of vegetation is determined largely by the availability of abiotic resources as herbivor ...
independent gradients of producer, consumer
... mutualisms mediated by nutrient recycling. A diverse decomposer community can increase the rate of nutrient cycling via the variable ability of different microbes to mineralize different organic compounds; therefore high producer diversity may depend on high decomposer diversity (Naeem et al. 2000). ...
... mutualisms mediated by nutrient recycling. A diverse decomposer community can increase the rate of nutrient cycling via the variable ability of different microbes to mineralize different organic compounds; therefore high producer diversity may depend on high decomposer diversity (Naeem et al. 2000). ...
View PDF - OMICS International
... during summer season the water recedes and evaporates, leaving behind a crust of halite and gypsum crystals which grow in clay and sand. The distribution patterns of biotic elements & human ecology are at large explained on the basis of bioclimatic conditions prevailing in the area. Anthropogenic ac ...
... during summer season the water recedes and evaporates, leaving behind a crust of halite and gypsum crystals which grow in clay and sand. The distribution patterns of biotic elements & human ecology are at large explained on the basis of bioclimatic conditions prevailing in the area. Anthropogenic ac ...
Ecosystem Goods and Services
... One of the definitions has been proposed by Daily (1997): “Ecosystem services refer to a wide range of conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that are part of them, help sustain and fulfil human life. These services maintain biodiversity and the production of ecos ...
... One of the definitions has been proposed by Daily (1997): “Ecosystem services refer to a wide range of conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that are part of them, help sustain and fulfil human life. These services maintain biodiversity and the production of ecos ...
Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
... community maintains the same level as that found on the mainland despite species loss following isolation. The conditions for “ecological release” (Crowell 1962) whereby depauperate communities can maintain constant total biomass have been worked out using competition theory for guilds of similar sp ...
... community maintains the same level as that found on the mainland despite species loss following isolation. The conditions for “ecological release” (Crowell 1962) whereby depauperate communities can maintain constant total biomass have been worked out using competition theory for guilds of similar sp ...
fulltext
... Species are embedded in communities in which they interact in complex ways with other species. Complexity increases even further because population structure is not only determined by intraspecific interactions but also by interspecific interactions that all change as individuals grow. Which stages ...
... Species are embedded in communities in which they interact in complex ways with other species. Complexity increases even further because population structure is not only determined by intraspecific interactions but also by interspecific interactions that all change as individuals grow. Which stages ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.