* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 14.1 Habitat And Niche
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Storage effect wikipedia , lookup
Maximum sustainable yield wikipedia , lookup
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Soundscape ecology wikipedia , lookup
Wildlife crossing wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Extinction debt wikipedia , lookup
Restoration ecology wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Occupancy–abundance relationship wikipedia , lookup
Ecological succession wikipedia , lookup
Wildlife corridor wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Source–sink dynamics wikipedia , lookup
14.1 Habitat And Niche KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche. 14.1 Habitat And Niche Objectives • Differentiate between a habitat and a niche • Differentiate between competitive exclusion and ecological equivalents 14.1 Habitat And Niche Vocabulary • • • • Habitat Niche Competitive exclusion Ecological equivalent 14.1 Habitat And Niche A habitat differs from a niche. • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. – biotic factors – abiotic factors • An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. – food – abiotic conditions – behavior 14.1 Habitat And Niche Resource availability gives structure to a community. • Species can share habitats and resources. • Competition occurs when two species use resources in the same way. • Competitive exclusion keeps two species from occupying the same niche. 14.1 Habitat And Niche • Competitive exclusion has different outcomes. – One species is better suited to the niche and the other will either be pushed out or become extinct. – The niche will be divided. – The two species will further diverge. 14.1 Habitat And Niche • Ecological equivalents are species that occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions. Madagascar South America 14.1 Habitat And Niche What are the 3 parts of an organisms ecological niche? 14.1 Habitat And Niche What does the principle Competitive Exclusion say will happen when 2 species compete for the same resource? 14.1 Habitat And Niche If a group of mantella frogs were transported to the ecosystem of the poison dart frogs, what might happen to the 2 species populations? 14.1 Habitat And Niche A bison and an elk live in the same habitat and feed on the same grasses. Does this mean that the competitive exclusion principle does not apply? Explain. 14.1 Habitat And Niche Considering the competitive exclusion principle, why may it be harmful to transport a species such as a rabbit, to another habitat where it currently does not exist? 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals and as populations. 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche Objectives • Compare & Contrast interspecfic and intraspecific competition • Describe the 3 types of symbiosis 14.1 Habitat And Niche Vocabulary • • • • • • • • • • Competition Predation Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Parasite Host Predator Prey 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche Competition and predation are two important ways in which organisms interact. • Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resource. – Intraspecific competition – Interspecific competition 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche • Predation occurs when one organism captures and eats another. 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Mutualism: both organisms benefit 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unharmed Ø Human Our eyelashes are home to tiny mites that feast on oil secretions and dead skin. Without harming us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash follicle. Commensalism Ø Organism is not affected + + Organism benefits Demodicids Eyelash mites find all they need to survive in the tiny follicles of eyelashes. Magnified here 225 times, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope. 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Parasitism: one organism benefits, the other is harmed 0 Parasitism + _ Hornworm caterpillar The host hornworm will eventually die as its organs are consumed by wasp larvae. _ Organism is not affected 0 Braconid wasp Braconid larvae feed on their host and release themselves shortly before reaching the pupae stage of development. Organism benefits 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. – Parasitism meet their needs as ectoparasites (such as leeches) and endopaasites (such as hookworms) 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche During the fall spawning of salmon, grizzly bears fight over space on the banks of a river. What type of competition is this? 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche Describe and give an example of the 3 types of symbiosis 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche How are predation & parasitism similar? How do they differ? 14.2 14.1 Habitat And Niche After a lion has made a kill birds will sometimes arrive to pick at the carcass. The birds would be considered _________(A)_________________ while the lions would be considered _________(B)_____________________ 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche KEY CONCEPT Each population has a density, a dispersion, and a reproductive strategy. 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche Objectives • Consider density and geographic dispersal as characteristics of populations • Describe 3 basic types of survivorship curves in relation to reproductive strategies. 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche Population density is the number of individuals that live in a defined area. • Population density is a measurement of the number of individuals living in a defined space. • Scientists can calculate population density. 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche Geographic dispersion of a population shows how individuals in a population are spaced. • Population dispersion refers to how a population is spread in Clumped an area. dispersion Uniform dispersion Random dispersion 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche • There are three types of dispersion. – clumped 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche • There are three types of dispersion. – uniform 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche • There are three types of dispersion. – random 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche Survivorship curves help to describe the reproductive strategy of a species. • A survivorship curve is a diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births. 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche • Survivorship curves can be type I, II or III. – Type I—low level of infant mortality and an older population – common to large mammals and humans – Type II—survivorship rate is equal at all stages of life – common to birds and reptiles – Type III—very high birth rate, very high infant mortality – common to invertebrates and plants 14.3 14.1 Habitat And Niche An Organism has 10 offspring. Two of these offspring die each year over a 5 year period. Is this organism more likely to be a bird or insect? Explain. 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche KEY CONCEPT Populations grow in predictable patterns. 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche Objectives • Describe 4 characteristics that affect population size • Compare exponential and logistic population growth • Identify factors that limit population growth 14.1 Habitat And Niche Vocabulary • • • • • • • • • Population growth Immigration Emigration Exponential growth Logistic growth Limiting factor Density-dependent limiting factor Density-independent limiting factor Carrying capacity 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths. • The size of a population is always changing. • Four factors affect the size of a population. – immigration – births – emigration – deaths 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche Population growth is based on available resources. • Exponential growth is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources. 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche • Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources. 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche • Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals in a population that the environment can support. • A population crash is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time. 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche Ecological factors limit population growth. • A limiting factor is something that keeps the size of a population down. • Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche • Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in a given area. – predation – competition – parasitism and disease 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche • Density-independent limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density. – unusual weather – natural disasters – human activities 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche What 4 factors determine the growth rate of a population? 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche How does carrying capacity affect the size of a population? • Carrying capacity limits the size of a population 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche What is the main difference between a densitydependant limiting factor and a density-independent limiting factor? Give an example of each. Density-Independant Density-Dependant 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche What might cause exponential growth to occur only for a short period when a new species is introduced to a resource filled environment. 14.4 14.1 Habitat And Niche Give an example of how a symbiotic relationship could cause a population to crash. 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche KEY CONCEPT Ecological succession is a process of change in the species that make up a community. 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche Objectives • Describe the process of primary succession • Explain the difference between primary and secondary seuccession 14.1 Habitat And Niche Vocabulary • • • • • • Succession Primary succession Secondary succession Pioneer species Climax community Lichen: a fungus and photosynthetic partner living in a symbiotic relationship (mutualism) 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche Succession occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem. • Succession regenerates or creates a community after a disturbance. – a sequence of biotic changes – damaged communities are regenerated – new communities arise in previously uninhabited areas 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche • There are two types of succession. – primary succession — started by pioneer species 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche • There are two types of succession. – secondary succession — started by remaining species 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche How is primary succession different from secondary succession? 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche Why are pioneer species so important for primary succession? 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche Does the process of primary succession take longer in the tropical or arctic areas? Explain. 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche Which reaches a climax community 1st, an area undergoing primary or secondary succession? Explain 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche During succession, what might be the limiting factor for sun-loving mosses as taller plants begin to grow? 14.5 14.1 Habitat And Niche At what point during primary succession does an ecosystem provide the fewest habitats for an organism? Explain.