Recolonizing wolves trigger a trophic cascade in Wisconsin (USA)
... (Halaj & Wise 2001). However, recent evidence from experimental manipulations of herbivores and carnivores in old field ecosystems suggests that predators in terrestrial systems have much stronger effects on plant species diversity than on plant biomass (Schmitz 2006). Furthermore, it is these change ...
... (Halaj & Wise 2001). However, recent evidence from experimental manipulations of herbivores and carnivores in old field ecosystems suggests that predators in terrestrial systems have much stronger effects on plant species diversity than on plant biomass (Schmitz 2006). Furthermore, it is these change ...
Ontogenetic trait variation influences tree community assembly
... relative importance of abiotic and biotic assembly mechanisms can differ among ontogenetic stages within and across environments, ontogenetic trait variation may have an important influence on patterns of functional diversity and inferred assembly mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that variation ...
... relative importance of abiotic and biotic assembly mechanisms can differ among ontogenetic stages within and across environments, ontogenetic trait variation may have an important influence on patterns of functional diversity and inferred assembly mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that variation ...
Construction and validation of food webs using logic
... of world ecosystems, reducing both their long-term resilience and productivity. The MEA developed a framework for evaluating the effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystems, and the value of those changes in service to humanity. It posited four key types of service that ecosystems provide, all ...
... of world ecosystems, reducing both their long-term resilience and productivity. The MEA developed a framework for evaluating the effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystems, and the value of those changes in service to humanity. It posited four key types of service that ecosystems provide, all ...
Interspecific interaction strength influences population density more
... in explaining population densities within the complex ecological networks, and more importantly, how the relative effects of indirect and direct interactions change with complexity of ecological networks. In this study, we examined the impacts of both direct and indirect interaction strength and car ...
... in explaining population densities within the complex ecological networks, and more importantly, how the relative effects of indirect and direct interactions change with complexity of ecological networks. In this study, we examined the impacts of both direct and indirect interaction strength and car ...
Interactions of components of habitats alter composition and
... Menge & Sutherland 1976; Connor & McCoy 1979; McGuinness & Underwood 1986; Jenkins, WalkerSmith & Hamer 2002; Healey & Hovel 2004). McGuinness & Underwood (1986) showed that the diversity of structural components did not always increase the diversity of organisms colonizing intertidal boulders. McCo ...
... Menge & Sutherland 1976; Connor & McCoy 1979; McGuinness & Underwood 1986; Jenkins, WalkerSmith & Hamer 2002; Healey & Hovel 2004). McGuinness & Underwood (1986) showed that the diversity of structural components did not always increase the diversity of organisms colonizing intertidal boulders. McCo ...
Restoration in the Rainshadow - SER
... landscapes even though the challenges associated with the re-introduction of former peopleenvironment interactions, such as camas harvesting and livestock grazing, are numerous. Local Knowledge and Ethnoecology Local knowledge, or knowledge that is local in geographical scale and solidly based in pr ...
... landscapes even though the challenges associated with the re-introduction of former peopleenvironment interactions, such as camas harvesting and livestock grazing, are numerous. Local Knowledge and Ethnoecology Local knowledge, or knowledge that is local in geographical scale and solidly based in pr ...
Grades 9-12 Teacher Guide
... the backbone of the DNS program and include exciting and engaging hands-on activities designed to bring students in grades K-12 outdoors and closer to nature. Each unit includes colorful and engaging student books as well as teacher guides with activities designed to meet Missouri Department of El ...
... the backbone of the DNS program and include exciting and engaging hands-on activities designed to bring students in grades K-12 outdoors and closer to nature. Each unit includes colorful and engaging student books as well as teacher guides with activities designed to meet Missouri Department of El ...
Reprint (1.8MB PDF) - Litchman-Klausmeier Lab
... A central question in community ecology is the means by which species coexist. Models of coexistence often assume that species have fixed trait values and consider questions such as how tradeoffs and environmental variation influence coexistence and diversity. However, species traits can be dynamic, v ...
... A central question in community ecology is the means by which species coexist. Models of coexistence often assume that species have fixed trait values and consider questions such as how tradeoffs and environmental variation influence coexistence and diversity. However, species traits can be dynamic, v ...
AP Bio Summer Study Study Sheet
... 1. Name the global factors that determine the distribution of the biomes on earth. 2. Explain the main factors that can induce rainfall. Relate this to why deserts are found between 20° and 30° N and S of the equator, why rain shadows form on one side of a mountain range, and why rainfall is usually ...
... 1. Name the global factors that determine the distribution of the biomes on earth. 2. Explain the main factors that can induce rainfall. Relate this to why deserts are found between 20° and 30° N and S of the equator, why rain shadows form on one side of a mountain range, and why rainfall is usually ...
The Linkage between Conservation Strategies for Large Carnivores
... on using an infield–outfield system, where livestock were grazed and hay was collected on outfields, while manure from the livestock was used to fertilize the arable infields (Bruteig et al. 2003). Many species of plant, fungi, and insects, for example, depend on the grazing pressure to keep the lan ...
... on using an infield–outfield system, where livestock were grazed and hay was collected on outfields, while manure from the livestock was used to fertilize the arable infields (Bruteig et al. 2003). Many species of plant, fungi, and insects, for example, depend on the grazing pressure to keep the lan ...
Israa Dorgham
... Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be planted with more cabbages than it is, and if it were there would be more individuals of the butterfly around” (Ehrlich and Birch 1967?). Ehrlich and Birch cite this example to show ...
... Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be planted with more cabbages than it is, and if it were there would be more individuals of the butterfly around” (Ehrlich and Birch 1967?). Ehrlich and Birch cite this example to show ...
Israa Dorgham
... Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be planted with more cabbages than it is, and if it were there would be more individuals of the butterfly around” (Ehrlich and Birch 1967?). Ehrlich and Birch cite this example to show ...
... Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be planted with more cabbages than it is, and if it were there would be more individuals of the butterfly around” (Ehrlich and Birch 1967?). Ehrlich and Birch cite this example to show ...
Ways organisms interact - Franklin County Public Schools
... Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Israa Dorgham
... Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be planted with more cabbages than it is, and if it were there would be more individuals of the butterfly around” (Ehrlich and Birch 1967?). Ehrlich and Birch cite this example to show ...
... Ehrlich and Birch comment, “You could say that the cabbage white butterfly is food-limited because the world could be planted with more cabbages than it is, and if it were there would be more individuals of the butterfly around” (Ehrlich and Birch 1967?). Ehrlich and Birch cite this example to show ...
Does a warmer climate with frequent mild water shortages
... vegetation cover and above-ground biomass vary with these factors? (3) Do communities grown for 3 years in a warmer climate, or with different Slevels, recover equally well from the imposed drought in terms of green vegetation cover and above-ground ...
... vegetation cover and above-ground biomass vary with these factors? (3) Do communities grown for 3 years in a warmer climate, or with different Slevels, recover equally well from the imposed drought in terms of green vegetation cover and above-ground ...
Predator effects on faunal community composition in
... Much emphasis has been placed on predator effects that cascade through food webs. Such top-down effects seem to be most common in systems with relatively simple food chains, and rarer in species-rich systems where numerous weak interactions among species can buffer strong top-down effects. Seagrass ...
... Much emphasis has been placed on predator effects that cascade through food webs. Such top-down effects seem to be most common in systems with relatively simple food chains, and rarer in species-rich systems where numerous weak interactions among species can buffer strong top-down effects. Seagrass ...
Butterflies and their contribution in ecosystem: A review
... source of food. Increased butterfly populations may indicate an increase in plant diversity and other pollinator groups within restored areas. Butterflies are attractive addition to flower garden and more important insect than most people realize. As a wildlife indicator, butterflies tell us almost ...
... source of food. Increased butterfly populations may indicate an increase in plant diversity and other pollinator groups within restored areas. Butterflies are attractive addition to flower garden and more important insect than most people realize. As a wildlife indicator, butterflies tell us almost ...
Shape up or ship out: migratory behaviour predicts
... technology that allowed us to sample after the main autumn lake departure, that is when migrants and residents were spatially segregated and we were confident that the vast majority of fish captured in the lake were residents (Brodersen et al. 2008b; Skov et al. 2008). For both studies, roach were c ...
... technology that allowed us to sample after the main autumn lake departure, that is when migrants and residents were spatially segregated and we were confident that the vast majority of fish captured in the lake were residents (Brodersen et al. 2008b; Skov et al. 2008). For both studies, roach were c ...
Chapman_et_al-2015-J.. - Behaviour and Ecology at Nottingham
... technology that allowed us to sample after the main autumn lake departure, that is when migrants and residents were spatially segregated and we were confident that the vast majority of fish captured in the lake were residents (Brodersen et al. 2008b; Skov et al. 2008). For both studies, roach were c ...
... technology that allowed us to sample after the main autumn lake departure, that is when migrants and residents were spatially segregated and we were confident that the vast majority of fish captured in the lake were residents (Brodersen et al. 2008b; Skov et al. 2008). For both studies, roach were c ...
Allocating CSR plant functional types: the use of leaf
... et al. 2010a; Pierce et al. 2012), providing ‘a dependable common reference frame for the quantitative comparison of the wider primary adaptive strategies of plants from highly contrasting habitats’ (Pierce et al. 2012). Notably, Hodgson et al. (1999) use of whole-plant traits, which do not allow ta ...
... et al. 2010a; Pierce et al. 2012), providing ‘a dependable common reference frame for the quantitative comparison of the wider primary adaptive strategies of plants from highly contrasting habitats’ (Pierce et al. 2012). Notably, Hodgson et al. (1999) use of whole-plant traits, which do not allow ta ...
pdf
... tested by setting the maximum instantaneous mortality rate that consumers could exert on food resources by (a) “top-down” control by predators (predator control); (b) all interactions of mixed control type; and (c) “bottom-up” control of predators by their prey (donor control). For squid, predicted ...
... tested by setting the maximum instantaneous mortality rate that consumers could exert on food resources by (a) “top-down” control by predators (predator control); (b) all interactions of mixed control type; and (c) “bottom-up” control of predators by their prey (donor control). For squid, predicted ...
Comparative studies of terrestrial vertebrates in urban areas
... core of the study is the development of a fox population model using data from several cities (Harris and Raynor, 1986). Part of this study included developing a model to predict fox occurrence that relied on socio-economic data on 158 British cities (Harris and Smith, 1987). The model predicted bot ...
... core of the study is the development of a fox population model using data from several cities (Harris and Raynor, 1986). Part of this study included developing a model to predict fox occurrence that relied on socio-economic data on 158 British cities (Harris and Smith, 1987). The model predicted bot ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.